Archeology and cartography of city of Tyumen (about a parity of Russian and local traditions in a city landscape)

Researches of Russian wooden fort architecture in Siberia were spent during more one and a half centuries. It was considered as a finishing stage of evolution of fort architecture of Russia, since old Russian fortresses. One of the obvious old Russian traditions, in Siberia, optimum use of a natural lay of land, a choice of the most protected and convenient places to which bends of the rivers concerned, high manes, islands is kept and so on. Landscape accommodation of Tyumen quite corresponds to this approach. The initial fort has borrowed high cape in a mouth of the river Tyumenka running into river Toura round. A bend Toura river did here possible the wide review of all territory adjoining to city. Prominent feature of Tyumen is the whole system of deep broad gullies in a mouth of the river Tyumenka. The first who in detail understood features of a landscape of Tyumen, was historian G.-F. Miller. It has described their arrangement and has fixed names Dedilov, Vishnevy. G.-F. Miller had noted, that Russian Tyumen and Tatar Chimga-Toura had different localization. The Tatar city, unlike Russian Tyumen, was placed on capes in depth of a mouth of the river Tyumenka, divided by deep broad gullies. One after another there are three sites of ancient settlement - 2 on the left coast Tyumenka (Ring's and Big) and 1 on right protect (Small). Behind a cherry broad gully one more site of ancient settlement borrowing cape, surpassing on the sizes all three previous settles down. On its surface two lines of strengthenings are tracked, each of which consists of a shaft and ditch. Probably, it also is a place of localization Chimga-Toura. Other sites of ancient settlement can concern to earlier Ugrian period. Names «Tyumen» and «Chimga-Toura», most likely, are connected with Golden Horde. The first name was kept with Russian as it was known for it even before destruction of Tyumen in the first decade of XVI century as a result of the Tatar intestine wars. The name Chimga-Toura it was kept in the environment of local Tatars and can be connected with memory of Chingis-khan or mean in a literal translation «city above breakage ». In a landscape of city Russian logic of development of space from a fortress to development to a suburs and a city wall, monasteries (upstream man's, downwards - female), together with more ancient local tradition connected with Ugrian and Tatar small towns which as the strung beads go on coast of the river Tyumenka was reflected.

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