Problem of the Basis of Language and its Resolution in the Context of Classical Philosophical Discourse

The article reveals the paradigm features of traditional and classical period of the philosophy of language. The article reflects the essence of the approaches to the language, formed in the problem field of classical philosophy. The research defines the specificity of ontological and epistemological approaches in the determination of the nature of linguistic reality. The authors reveal the specificity of the interpretation of the nature of language in the Middle Ages and New Age. The article substantiates the role of the ideas of F. de Saussure, which allowed the philosophy of language to obtain a complete form. The logic of the analytical scheme used of the article is focused on the following idea: growing out of traditional philosophy, the classical tradition and the classical paradigm suggested the study of the phenomenon of language in the horizon of general ontological models. Analyzing the development of the philosophy of language, the author revealed a number of ideas that dominated in the science of language at the initial stage of its evolution. Among these ideas is the extent to how language reveals being, the ontology of linguistic meanings, the interaction of language and thinking as well as the role of the socio-cultural context in linguistic evolution. The article describes the dichotomous relation of ontological and conventional approaches to linguistic reality, which was formed in ancient philosophy. A detailed analysis of the dialogue of Plato "Cratylus" allowed determining the relation between the continuity of ancient philosophy and linguistic philosophy. The study showed that the difference formed in antiquity between ontologism and conventionalism in the approach to linguistic phenomena and medieval opposition of nominalism-realism was in the fact that in the Middle Ages the conventional and ontological approaches were outlined within the biblical tradition; this was the basis of the logic of the scholastics and the logical-philosophical tradition established by John Duns Scotus. It was proved that in the philosophy of New Age, the conventional model dominates the nomothetic one. The fact that in New Age, within the limits of the empirical-sensationalistic paradigm, name begins to be interpreted as a consequence of rational construction on the basis of empirical experience allowed speaking about this predominance. The thesis that growing out of the traditional philosophy of language was also substantiated, the classical paradigm implied the study of language in the horizon of general ontological models of philosophy. Analyzing the role of F. de Saus-sure's conceptual ideas in the theoretical completion of the classical approach to the problems of language philosophy, the author argues the idea of F. de Saussure's unconditional influence on the formation of research programs in such schools as the ethno-linguistic school, sociolinguistics, the structural-formal school and the school of system- theoretical linguistics.

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