Lexicographic analysis of the features of the concept of security in Russian and French

Any language is a sign-symbolic system that includes a set of information data, figurative forms and value meanings. Linguistic elements form a unique linguistic picture of the world of speakers of a particular culture. An important element of the national linguistic picture of the world is the signification of vital signs for a person, first of all, the state of his safety. The priority of the state of security has found its sociocultural embodiment in traditions, customs, mores, norms, laws, principles of life, language. The high socio-cultural significance and multidimensional nature of the phenomenology of security, reflected in the linguistic picture of the human world, endow the concept of security with the potential for development, including by methods of linguistics. The lack of scientific information on the lexicological characteristics of the security concept, combined with its theoretical and practical value, contributed to the formulation of the problem of this study in the form of a question about the possession of this concept by some lexicological features in French and Russian. The purpose of the study is to lexicographically describe the concept of security in French and Russian based on a comparison with its representation in other languages. A number of tasks were set and solved in the study: 1) conducting a multicultural lexicographic analysis of the concept of "security"; 2) implementing a lexicographic analysis of the concept of "security" in Russian 3) implementing a lexicographic analysis of the concept of "security" in French. A multicultural lexicographic analysis has shown that the category of security is organically included in the linguistic picture of the world of different peoples, confirming the universality of the relevance of the corresponding phenomenon. With a sufficiently high similarity of the synonymous series of the corresponding term in some cultures, it is possible to notice differences in the contexts of its use. This requires a more detailed study of this term, taking into account the national context of its formation, in our study - based on the material of the French and Russian languages. Russian lexicographic analysis of the concept of "security" has shown that in the Russian language the word probably has an ecclesiastical, ancient Russian, Old Slavic origin, dating back to the end of the XIV century. Etymological analysis establishes its proximity to the word salvation used to this day. The appearance of the term in the dictionary is noted in the XVIII century. Until recently, the corresponding term was not widely used, unlike its antonym danger. The term security has not been widely used in the paremic fund of the Russian language. The term safety in general dictionaries is interpreted rather narrowly as the absence of danger, its detailing occurs in specialized dictionaries by specifying the nature of the danger that is absent in a specific area (economic, technical, political, etc.). In modem Russian, safety functions as a noun, adjective, adverb, verb and adverbial participle. The terms closest to it are danger and salvation. The development of this term is supposed to be due to the generalization of its interpretative base on the material of different fields of use. In modern French, the security category is expressed by the terms securite, shrete and insecurite. The primacy is attributed to the term surete, which dates back to the beginning of the XII century. The appearance of the term securite dates back to the beginning of the XIII century, and its active use dates back to the beginning of the XVII century. Active word formation is noted in the XX century. To date, the French actively use basic terms to designate the security category - securite, shrete and insecurite, as well as noun (securisation), verb (securiser) and adjectives (securitaire, securisant) derived from securite. The interpretative base of the terms under consideration covers the features of situations and conditions that cause the corresponding state, as well as the characteristics and condition of the subject. They have not been widely used in the French paremic fund. The development of terms takes place on the basis of the detailing of the word insecurite and the differentiation of the terms securite and shrete. Further improvement of the interpretation of terms is likely based on strengthening their connection with specific areas of use. A comparison of the results of lexicographic study of the term security in Russian and French language culture allowed us to draw a number of conclusions. Russian language culture uses the terms safety, danger and rescue to denote states of security, which have ancient Slavic, ancient Russian, and ecclesiastical origin.; The French language culture uses the terms securite, shrete and insecurite, which were included in it on the basis of borrowing from Latin. The adoption of the term security in Russian culture, in French - securite, occurred in the current century, which did not allow them to be widely represented in national paremic funds. In the Russian and French language cultures, the opposition of the word formation of the basic term and its antonyms is revealed: the term safety on this basis is secondary to the term danger, the term insecurite to the term securite. The Russian dictionary fund retains a simplified interpretation of the term security as a state of security in the absence of threats, while the French dictionary fund has a multidimensional consideration of this term from the perspective of conditions, situation, characteristics and state of the subject. The term security in the Russian and French language fund has significant word formation resources. The development of security and securite terms is promising due to the expansion of their interpretation based on the involvement of security terms specialized in different areas of consideration of the basic category. The scientific novelty of the presented research consists in considering the national and cultural features of the functioning of the term security in the French language consciousness based on its comparison with the representation in the Russian language consciousness. The theoretical significance of the results obtained lies in the expansion of lexicographic knowledge in French and Russian about the security category. The research materials can be used as part of a linguistics course. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

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