Metaphorical Verbs of Speaking in Russian and Italian: Semantic-Pragmatical and Lexicographical Aspects

The article is devoted to the study of the metaphorical interpretation of extralinguis-tic reality and ways of a lexicographic display of metaphorical meanings in explanatory dictionaries of different languages. The study reveals the common and the different in the metaphorical picture of the world, which allows outlining the main trends in the development of nationally specific metaphorical plots. In the processes of metaphorization, different languages claim various attributes of the same object; therefore, the explication of the bases of a metaphorical transfer is relevant for semasiologists and lexicographers. Metaphor is in the zone of pragmatically marked vocabulary, so a comparative study reveals a national cultural component in its interaction with other components of pragmatic semantics. Questions of semantization of communicatively meaningful information are relevant for theoretical and practical lexicography. The article deals with metaphorical verbs of speaking formed from the names of sounds produced by animals (chirping, mumbling, cooing; pigolare - singing, abbai-are - barking, miagolare- meowing) in Russian and Italian. Dictionaries fairly consistently reflect the relationship between producing and derived meanings actualizing the similarity of the sounding (laughter, crying, voice features), but the semantics of speaking is rarely recorded in Russian dictionaries and is slightly more consistent in Italian. The authors focus on the acoustic similarity of sounds or their differential signs, whereas the estimated vector forming a metaphorical meaning is not reflected in the dictionary definition. Metaphor-forming signs are fully correlated in the two languages: tempo, intelligibility, legibility of speech, authenticity/unreliability of speech, character of emotional coloring of speech, pithiness/senselessness of the utterance, repetition of the same, rele-vance/inappropriateness of the utterance, intentional characteristics of the utterance; and they do not contradict the communicative maxima of H. Paul Grice. Verbal speech metaphors have a double semantic motivation: the metaphorical representation of the process of speaking is determined by at least two factors: (1) how we hear the "animal world", but we hear it differently from the Italians (and not only the Italians). The only exception is "miao" and "be-e"; (2) the system of man's zoomorphic characteristics, which are multidimensional, complex semantic units, play an important role in the development of the verbal metaphor of speech. As a result of the study, the authors distinguish different types of correlation of metaphorical verbs of speech in the two languages: (a) a relatively complete semantic coincidence; (b) a partial semantic coincidence; (c) a complete semantic mismatch. A partial coincidence of the metaphorical meaning in the two is the most common. The results of the analysis of fragments of the metaphorical picture of the world of the two languages can be lexicographically interpreted and presented in the database of pragmatically labeled vocabulary, which fixes evaluation, gender, age, status components, and a national-cultural one revealed only through a special comparative analysis.

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