Ways of lexicographic registration of pragmatic information in bilingual dictionaries

The theoretical basis of bilingual lexicography is connected with linguo-cultural studies and comparative linguistics. As V.N. Yartseva remarked, "bilingual dictionaries always contain an embryonic stage of contrastive comparison of lexical units" [1. P. 30], therefore a bilingual dictionary is always a starting point in intercultural dialogues. Thus a special issue for lexicography are meanings containing nation-specific, cultural, gender, social, ideological, emotive and evaluative components. This lexicographic issue is caused by insufficient theoretical elaboration of the content and structure of the pragmatic macro-component of word semantics. The authors study the names of urban spaces containing some nation-specific cultural components mostly ignored by bilingual dictionaries. The research includes several Russian urban terms compared to three Romance languages - French, Italian and Spanish: улица (ulitsa, 'street'), площадь (plosh-chad','square'), набережная (naberezhnaya, 'enbankment'), переулок (pereulok, 'lane'), бульвар (bul'var, 'boulevard'); via, piazza, lungomare, vicolo, viale, аlberato; ville, rue, place, quai, ruelle, impasse, boulevard; calle, plaza, ribera, callejon, rambla, avenida, paseo. issues may arise for any person exploring a new city space and its language, any reader of translated literature, any user of bilingual dictionaries, anyone who tries to see a strange city through one's own language and mental stereotypes. For a person who explores a new semiotic space lexical units are characterized by semantic lacunae not registered in bilingual and, occasionally, in explanatory dictionaries. The reconstruction of a strange city space by means of urban nominations appears rather approximate. Through the language grid of parkways, areas, quays we tend to see not the true picture of an unfamiliar place, but rather a city similar to ours. The nation-specific cultural information connected with toponyms is more sufficiently presented in K.A. Ganshina's French-Russian dictionary (1971). It contains comments on regional use: in France, in Paris, encyclopaedic data, explanations or set expressions designating urban objects in modern or medieval Paris. The dictionary gives quite convincing comments on the quantitatively small lexical set. Though not always consecutive, K.A. Ganshina's information is necessary for studying the French language, history and culture of France. Much less information of the kind can be found in Italian-Russian and in Spanish-Russian dictionaries. Bilingual dictionaries of the Russian ^ foreign language type almost entirely ignore national and cultural specificity of urban nominations, leaving out the information necessary for people to master other languages, other cultures, other mentalities.

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