Satirical genres ofjournalism: problems of typology

Despite the solid bibliography, which includes works by Russian and Ukrainian scientists of different years (M. Vilensky, L. Ershov, D. Zaslavsky, L. Kroychik, G. Lazutina, S. Raspopova, E. Pronin, Ya. Simkin, A. Shcherbina, Ya. Ellsberg, I. Yampolsky, Yu. Yarmysh, etc.), a fairly complete definition of the nature and characteristics of satirical genres, there is still no unity in the approaches to genre classification in the scientific discourse and no definition of the place of satirical texts in this classification. Now researchers of journalism speak about the "comic journalism", "comic texts", "comic genres" that occupy an important place in the complex and rich palette of journalistic genres, being not just a single group, but a means of expressing the special attitude of the author to the life they describe,. The author summarizes research approaches and theoretical concepts of the genre developed in the Russian and Ukrainian literature (M. Bakhtin, D. Likhachev, O. Freudenberg, M. Kagan, L. Kroychik, E. Kuznetsova, G. Lazutina, S. Raspopova, E. Pronin, etc.) and establishes the features of satirical genre form classification. The author also indicates the arbitrariness and incompleteness of any existing genre classification which lags behind the actual state of the genre system development in a particular historical epoch. It is argued that the system of journalism genres can be represented by four groups: information, analytical, artistic, journalistic and satirical genres. Classifying satirical or comic genres in a separate group is justified by special genre factors: 1) form of artistic representation of reality (author's intention and behavior, level of comprehension of the material). It depends on the principles of satirical typification and specificity of a satirical image which consist in deliberate "distortion" of the object of reflection in order to demonstrate its comicality and ugliness; 2) particular object of reflection (negative facts of reality whose comic nature and absurdity is obvious for a satirist); 3) particular poetics of narrative which is different from artistic and journalistic genres in its orientation on the actuality, in the pathos and prepossession of the narrative, in a possible or even mandatory presence of fiction and others. The article proves it efficient to divide satirical genres into two subgroups by the form of expression: textual satirical genres and visual satirical genres. The basis of visual satirical genres is a caricature; it can also be a cartoon, a satirical picture, a photo collage which has developed from a technique to an independent genre. However, this classification is not complete, because there is a need in a clearer definition of the place and features of the so-called "small forms" of satirical genres in it. The small genres have been researched at different stages of journalism development, but still their scope, features and status are not described clearly.

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