The interaction of grammatical and semantic categories in sentences with the semantics of vain

The article is devoted to one of the little-known modus optional categories. The subject of research is a special case of manifestation of subjective meaning in the sentence - vain. The author considers this subjective meaning as an optional qualification category which can be expressed in the sentence by various lexical means. The feature of this category is that it does not form a modal framework, and is embedded inside of dictum. The category under study is directly related to the concepts of intellectual and logical negative assessment and the appropriateness / inappropriateness of the action. The semantic core of vain is the notion of the effectiveness of the action. In the article the author analyzes the main means of expression (lexemes vainly, futile, in vain) and reveals the particular meanings of vain: the failure and the fallacy of actions, ways of their expression and functioning of this semantics in statements. In an earlier article the author considers the correlation of the subject of speech, the subject of the action and the subject of the modus of qualification of the action as vain. The author suggested that the frequency mismatch of the actor and the subject of assessment corresponds with the qualification object. The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze patterns of interaction between the private value of vain and the grammatical category of time. The author gives statistical data of the frequency of use of markers of subjective meaning in combinations with verbs in different forms according to the Russian national corpus (ruscorpora.ru). Unconditional predominance of combinations with verbs in the past tense is logical: the action is assessed as inconclusive or wrong after its commission. The small number of combinations with verbs in the future tense is also quite understandable, since the forms of the future tense of the verb are possible only in the genre of caveats. The combination with verbs in the present tense is only possible in the case when we are talking about a repeated action, or when there is a neutralization of time. Synonymous lexemes, which are the markers of the modus of vain, have their own characteristics in the functioning. To indicate the futility of the action markers tshchetno and zrya are used in combination with verbs in the present, future and past tense, and the marker naprasno is used only in combination with the verb in the present and the future. The meaning of the error of the action is marked by adverbs naprasno and zrya in combination with verbs in all temporal forms. The author expresses and substantiates the claim that pragmatics determines the choice of verb forms. The author captures the genre limitations of statements with the semantics of vain.

Keywords

Authors

References