The philosophy of time in A.S. Pushkin's Eugene Onegin

The aim of the article is to study the philosophical aspects of time in the novel in verse, A.S. Pushkin's Eugene Onegin. The author aims to substantiate the thesis that the text of Pushkin's novel presents an original concept of time, rich in philosophical implications. The problem, the solution of which the study is devoted to, is that Russian literature before Pushkin time as an artistic and a historical and philosophical category was thought and experienced in a completely different way. In the 18th century, the idea of historical progress characteristic of the Enlightenment dominantes not only in Russian, but also in European literature; it implies the progressive and mostly unidirectional movement of time, as well as the prevalence of social, sociopolitical time over the individual and personal, private time. Pushkin does not leave aside the historical problem of time, but it matches with the time of the hero that gets a completely new interpretation in the novel. The author relies on the methodological principles and theoretical framework of M.M. Bakhtin and Yu.M. Lotman and uses elements of narratology analysis. The author also uses the conceptual devel-opmenst of existential philosophy (К. Jaspers, M. Heidegger). It is proved that Pushkin was ahead of his time by showing not one universal time, but a lot of heterogeneous measurements of time. Each such measurement acts as a mode of being, defining the nature of a particular character, their way of thinking, behavior and attitude towards others. And, vice versa, each character (from the main characters to minor persons) has its own temporal dimension. The author proves the thesis that in addition to the historical and biographical time existential time plays a significant role in the novel. This is time in which a person makes the fundamental choice of their own existence, determined the strategy of their existence in the world. Two fundamentally different modes of existence in time and, accordingly, two worlds, two perspectives of being are presented in the very first chapter of the novel. This is Onegin's time and the author's time. In this case we are talking about two worlds, each of which is determined by their specific model of time. Each of the two models of time has its own role in the organization of time and space of the narrative (plot time, chronotope). Pushkin does not limit himself in his novel with models of time of only two characters. In the second chapter he develops modes of Lensky, Olga and Tatiana, as well as of the Larin family. Each of these characters has their own time dimension. On the basis of the research the author concludes that it is time that is the protagonist of Pushkin's works, and Eugene Onegin is not only a realistic, but an existential novel. The inner world of individual characters, their personalities and destinies are determined here not so much a factor in the social life of a certain historical period (though this layer is also present in the novel), but as specific ways of organizing the measurement of time.

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