The Use of the Metaphor's Connotative Potential for Constructing a Woman Politician's Image (In English-Language Mass Media)
The article examines the connotative potential of metaphors used for constructing a woman politician's image in the mass media of the USA, the UK and Australia. The linguistic analysis of political discourse has been conducted to study the regular patterns and specificity of the image-making process, with metaphor being the key tool of it. As a methodological decision for the creation of a holistic image of a person the authors developed three clusters: the external cluster, the behavioral cluster, and the cognitive cluster. The connotative potential of metaphors is studied with the help of the loci of attention which are understood as parts of an integral image, as fragments of a political leader's "portrait" the recipient's attention is intentionally focused on. As distinct from the target domain, which has a certain structural composition, locus of attention serves as a mark for a particular fragment in the integral structure of a woman politician's image. The material under research is represented by 346 metaphors, selected during the 2016-2019 period from the USA (The New York Times, Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times), the UK (The Guardian, The Time, The Economist), and Australian (The Conversation) newspapers. The theoretical and methodological principles of the research are based on the cognitive theory of metaphor, the linguopragmatic, discourse and contextual-interpretative analysis. The study shows the following distribution of metaphors according to the clusters: the external cluster has 28 metaphors (woman's appearance, fashion and clothes being the loci of attention); the behavioral cluster has 204 metaphors (woman's actions and behavior being the loci of attention); the cognitive cluster has 114 metaphors (woman's decision-making ability and other cognitive properties being the loci of attention). The metaphorical units describing a woman's behavior almost twice exceed the number of metaphors of the cognitive cluster. It shows that the women politicians' actions and deeds are most actively discussed and evaluated in the USA, the UK, and Australian media. The appearance and style of dress metaphors are four times fewer in number than metaphors describing the cognitive abilities of women politicians and more than seven times fewer than the number of metaphors of the behavioral cluster. The connotative potential of the metaphors is represented by metaphors with positive evaluative modality (166 units, 48%); metaphors with negative evaluative modality (140 units, 41%); metaphors with neutral evaluative modality (40 units, 11%). These figures testify to the positive transformations in people's attitude towards the phenomenon of a woman politician, their eagerness to recognize women's representation at the political podium as a norm. It is assumed that the analysis of the realization of the connotative potential of metaphors used for constructing the woman politician's image will contribute to the knowledge of mechanisms and patterns of political communication.
Keywords
метафора,
коннотация,
локус внимания,
образ женщины-политика,
экстернальный кластер,
бихевиоральный кластер,
когнитивный кластер,
metaphor,
connotation,
locus of attention,
woman politician's image,
external cluster,
behavioral cluster,
cognitive clusterAuthors
| Kislitsyna Natalya N. | V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University | nkislitsyn@rambler.ru |
| Melnichenko Tatyana V. | V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University | tanya.melnichenko@gmail.com |
Всего: 2
References
Inter-Parliamentary Union. URL: https://www.ipu.org/our-impact/gender-equality (дата обращения: 18.10.2019).
World Economic Forum. URL: http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2016/infographics/ (дата обращения: 15.10.2019).
World Economic Forum. URL:http://reports. weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2018/measuring-the-global-gender-gap/ (дата обращения: 15.10.2019).
Inter-Parliamentary Union. URL: https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=9&year= 2019 (дата обращения 11.10.2019).
Percentage of women in national parliaments // New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta) URL: https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=9&year=2019 (дата обращения: 13.10.2019).
Вайсгербер Л. Родной язык и формирование духа. М. : Изд-во МГУ, 1993. 224 с.
Даниленко В.П. Введение в языкознание: курс лекций. М. : Флинта : Наука, 2010. 288 с.
Будаев Э.В., Чудинов А.П. Метафора в политической коммуникации. М. : Флинта : Наука, 2008. 248 с.
Корконосенко С.Г. Политическая журналистика. URL: https://studme.org/79322/ zhurnalistika/politicheskaya zhurnalistika (дата обращения: 10.10.2019).
Русакова О.Ф., Грибовод Е.Г. Политический медиадискурс и медиатизация политики как концепты политической коммуникативистики // Научный ежегодник Института философии и права Уральского отделения Российской академии наук. 2014. Т. 14, вып. 4. С. 65-77.
Чудинов А.П. Когнитивно-дискурсивное исследование политической метафоры // Вопросы когнитивной лингвистики. 2004. Вып. 1. С. 91-105.
Шейгал Е.И. Семиотика политического дискурса : дис.. д-ра филол. наук. Волгоград, 2000. 431 с.
Пронина Е.С. Языковые средства формирования образа женщины-политика в англоязычной прессе : дис.канд. филол. наук. М., 2014. 203 с.
Будаев Э.В., Чудинов А.П. Когнитивная теория метафоры: новые горизонты // Трибуна ученого. Екатеринбург, 2013. С. 6-13.
Кондратьева О.Н. Особенности развертывания концептуальной метафоры в цикле политических анекдотов (на материале анекдотов о баллотировании Ксении Собчак на пост президента Российской Федерации) // Вестник Томского государственного университета. Филология. 2019. № 60. С. 28-44.
Дулесов Е.П. Расширение метафоры как инструмент дискредитации позиции оппонента (на материале дореволюционных парламентских речей) // Вопросы когнитивной лингвистики. 2018. № 4. С. 96-100.
Lakoff G., Jonson M. Metaphors We Live by. Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 1980. 242 p.
Earl R. MacCormac. A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor. Cambridge : MIT Press, 254 р.
Арутюнова Н.Д. Метафора и дискурс // Теория метафоры. М., 1990. С. 5-32.
Баранов А.Н. Дескрипторная теория метафоры. М. : Языки славянской культуры, 2014. 632 с.
Кобозева И.М. Лексико-семантические заметки о метафоре в политическом дискурсе // Политическая лингвистика. 2010. № 2 (32). С. 41-46.
Карасик В.И. Языковое проявление личности. М. : Гнозис, 2015. 384 с.
Резанова З.И. Метафорический фрагмент русской языковой картины мира: идеи, методы, решения. // Вестник Томского государственного университета. Филология. 2010. № 1 (9). С. 26-43.
Кобозева И.М. Семантические проблемы анализа политической метафоры // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 9. Филология. 2001. № 6. С. 136-137.
Телия В.Н. Коннотативный аспект семантики номинативных единиц. М. : Ин-т языкознания, 1986. 141 c.
Арутюнова Н.Д. Язык и мир человека. М. : Языки русской культуры, 1999. 896 с.
Phillips M. Condoleezza Rice: Now that's a Performer // Chicago Tribune. 2014. Nov., 4. URL: http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-04-11/news/0404110001_1_con-doleezza-rice-narrow-war-smile (дата обращения: 20.04.2019).
Dowd M. Sarah Palin Saves Feminism // The New York Times. 2016. Jan., 23. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/24/opinion/sunday/sarah-palin-saves-feminism.html? rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FPalin%2C%20Sarah (дата обращения: 22.04.2019).
Lyons K. Rise of the «Strongman»: Dozens of Female World Leaders Warn Women's Rights Being Eroded // The Guardian. 2019. Feb., 28. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/ politics/2019/feb/28/rise-of-the-strongman-dozens-of-female-world-leaders-warn-womens-rights-being-eroded (дата обращения: 20.04.2019).
Megan Specia Threats and Abuse Prompt Female Lawmakers to Leave U.K. Parliament // The New York Times. 2019. Nov., 1. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/ 2019/11/01/world/europe/women-parliament-abuse.html (дата обращения: 02.11.2019).
Кислицына Н.Н., Новикова Е.А. Спортивный дискурс в системе институциональных видов дискурса // Актуальные проблемы филологии и педагогической лингвистики. 2017. № 2 (26). С. 28-35.
Alter C. How Women Candidates Changed American Politics in 2018 // Time. 2018. Nov., 7. URL: http://time.com/5446556/congress-women-pink-wave/ (дата обращения: 20.05.2019).
Friedman Vanessa Open Thread // The New York Times. 2019. Nov., 8. URL: https://static.nytimes.com/email-content/TZ sample.html (дата обращения: 10.11.2019).
Вольф Е. М. Функциональная семантика оценки. М. : Едиториал УРСС, 2002. 280 с.
Reeves R. Power Dressing: Why Female MPs Have Faced a Century of Scrutiny // The Guardian. 2019. March, 2. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/mar/02/ female-mps-100-years-clothing-style-newspapers (дата обращения: 10.03.2019).
Tambor Carol To the «Does Fashion Matter?» by Vanessa Friedman// The New York Times. 2019. Oct., 17. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/17/opinion/letters/russia-religion-humanities-fashion.html (дата обращения: 18.10.2019).
Bacharach A. We Need More Moms in Government. Here's How to Get Them // Huffingtonpost. 2018. March, 3. URL: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/opinion-bacharach-moms-in-government_us_5abbd9aae4b06409775c836c (дата обращения: 25.04.2019).
Gambino L. We Will Keep Fighting': Inside the Push to Put Democratic Women in Power for the Long Haul // The Guardian. 2019. March, 3. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/mar/03/women-politics-democrats-emerge-america-virginia (дата обращения: 30.04.2019).
Salami M. Where are the West's Female Leaders? // The Guardian. 2014. Oct., 31. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/31/slowed-gender-equality-and-lack-of-female-leaders-in-the-west (дата обращения: 21.05.2019).
Wiseman Eva "Democracy is broken": Women's Equality Party Leader Tells Why she Quit // The Guardian. 2019. Jan., 26. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/ 2019/jan/26/sophie-walker-interview-resignation-womens-equality-party-leader-new-voices-next-generation (дата обращения: 20.04.2019).
Landler Mark U.K. to Hold Election in December, Opening New Phase in Brexit Odyssey // The New York Times. 2019. Nov., 1. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/ 29/world/europe/brexit-election-corbyn.html?module=inline (дата обращения: 03.11.2019).
Meisler S. Biography Portrays Condoleezza Rice as Talented, Ambitious and Loyal to a Fault // Tribune Newspapers: Los Angeles Times. 2007. December, 22. URL: http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-12-22/entertainment/0712200314_1_elisabeth-bumil-ler-condoleezza-rice-virtuoso-career (дата обращения: 15.05.2019).
Wallacejan N. Sarah Palin, Rage Whisperer // The New York Times. 2016. Jan., 26. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/26/opinion/sarah-palin-rage-whisperer.html?rref= collection%2Ftimestopic%2FPalin%2C%20Sarah (дата обращения: 27.03.2019).
Sharma D. How Hillary Clinton's 'Smart Power' Feminism Informs her Foreign Policy // The Conversation. 2016. June, 9. URL: https://theconversation.com/how-hillary-clintons-smart-power-feminism-informs-her-foreign-policy-60506 (дата обращения: 03.04.2019).
