Types of bilingualism in unbalanced language situations in Southern Siberia
At present, linguistic landscapes in almost all countries of the world exhibit considerable diversity in language situations, which, in turn, leads to significant variation in how different forms of bilingualism manifest. The aim of this article is to characterize the types of bilingualism observed in the speech practices of speakers of the mother tongues - Tatar, Khakass, and Shor - in unbalanced language situations in the regions of Southern Siberia. The authors adopt a broad definition of bilingualism. The analysis begins by outlining the criteria for distinguishing types of bilingualism based on age of acquisition (early vs. late), the sequence of language acquisition (simultaneous vs. sequential), and current usage patterns (active vs. passive; additive vs. subtractive; coordinate vs. subordinate). To achieve the aim, sociolinguistic survey methods were employed alongside database processing and quantitative analysis techniques. The results are based on 29,008 assessments of linguistic and social experience gathered from 247 speakers of three Turkic languages - Tatar, Khakass, and Shor - and presented in the "Sociolinguistic Database RuTurkSocLing: Assessments of Linguistic and Social Experience of Turkic-Russian Bilinguals". The analysis revealed that the overall sample is predominantly characterized by early sequential bilingualism, the largest share of which (45.4%) found among Tatar-Russian bilinguals. In contrast, among Khakass-Russian bilinguals, late bilingualism exceeds early simultaneous bilingualism in prevalence. The analysis of native versus acquired language use revealed: (1) high frequencies of Russian use across all speech activities (listening, speaking, reading, writing) and communicative domains; (2) an uneven distribution of heritage language use, with receptive skills more developed than productive ones and limited functional application in diverse communicative situations. In conclusion, the study finds that the examined forms of bilingualism are primarily shaped by the functional roles of heritage languages, which are transmitted to varying degrees within the family domain. This type of bilingualism is defined as heritage bilingualism, characterized by specific features: (1) early simultaneous or sequential acquisition, and (2) active use, with the second language (L2) being dominant across speech activities and communicative domains. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
Keywords
early sequential bilingualism,
Shor-Russian bilingualism,
Tatar-Russian bilingualism,
Khakass-Russian bilingualism,
heritage language,
functional type of bilingualismAuthors
| Dibrova Veronika S. | National Research Tomsk State University | klobukova-veronika@list.ru |
| Rezanova Zoya I. | National Research Tomsk State University | rezanovazi@mail.ru |
Всего: 2
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