MODERN CLINICAL METHODS FOR IMAGING OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IN BREAST CANCER
The paper describes modern methods for imaging of lymphatic vessels and glands, considers anatomy of the lymphatic system of breast and upper limb from the viewpoint of general ways of lymph drainage of these organs, and concerns the issue of imaging of lymph glands for diagnostics and prevention of upper limb lymphedema under conditions of axillary lymph node dissection.
Download file
Counter downloads: 279
Keywords
лимфатическая система, визуализация, лимфосомы, анатомия, лимфедема, верхняя конеч- ность, подмышечная лимфодиссекция, лимфосцинтиграфия, lymphatic system, imaging, lymphosomas, anatomy, lymphedema, upper limb, axillary lymph node dissection, lymphoscintigraphyAuthors
| Name | Organization | |
| Baytinger V.F. | Institute of Microsurgery; V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University | baitinger@mail.tomsknet.ru |
| Kurochkina O.S. | Institute of Microsurgery | |
| Bureev A.Sh. | LLC Diagnostics | |
| Dikman E.Yu. | LLC Diagnostics |
References
Cruikshank W. The anatomy of the absorbing vessels of the human body. 1786; G. Nicol.
Loukas M., Bellary S.S., Kuklinski M., Ferrauiola J., Yadav A., Shoja M.M.,.. & Tubbs R.S. The lymphatic system: a historical perspective. Clinical Anatomy.2011;24(7): 807-816.
Mascagni P., Santi C. Vasorum lymphaticorum corporis humani historia et ichnographia. Auctore Paulo Mascagni in Regio Senarum Lyceo publico anatomes professore. Ex typographia Pazzini Carli. 1787.
Di Matteo B., Tarabella V., Filardo G., Vigano A., Tomba P., Kon E., Marcacci M. Art in science: Giovanni Paolo Mascagni and the art of anatomy. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2015; 473(3): 783-788.
Sappey P.C. Anatomie, physiologie, pathologie des vesseaux lymphatiques consideres chez l'homme et les vertebres. Paris A. 1885.
Gerota D. Zur technik der lymphgefassinjektion. Anat Anz. 1896; 12:216.
Sato K., Shigenaga R., Ueda S., Shigekawa T., Krag D.N. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer. Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2007; 96(4): 322-329.
Kinmonth J.B. Lymphangiography in man; a method of outlining lymphatic trunks at operation. Clinical Science. 1952; 11(1): 13-20.
Sherman A.I., Ter-Pogossian M. Lymph-node concentration of radioactive colloidal gold following interstitial injection. Cancer. 1953; 6(6): 1238-1240.
Cabanas R.M. An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma. Cancer. 1977; 39(2): 456-466.
Morton D.L., Wen D.R., Wong J.H., Economou J.S., Cagle L.A., Storm F.K.,.. Cochran A.J. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Archives of Surgery. 1992; 127(4): 392-399.
Suami H., Yamashita S., Soto-Miranda M.A., Chang D.W. Lymphatic territories (lymphosomes) in a canine: an animal model for investigation of postoperative lymphatic alterations. PLoS One. 2013; 8(7), e69222.
Chatterjee A., Serniak N., Czerniecki B.J. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: A work in progress. Cancer Journal (Sudbury, Mass.). 2015; 21(1): 7.
Lyman G.H., Giuliano A.E., Somerfield M.R., Benson III, A.B., Bodurka D.C., Burstein H.J.,.. Hayman J.A. American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy in earlystage breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005; 23(30): 7703-7720.
McMasters K.M., Tuttle T.M., Carlson D.J., Brown C.M., Noyes R.D., Glaser R.L.,.. Cerrito P.B. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: a suitable alternative to routine axillary dissection in multi-institutional practice when optimal technique is used. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2000; 18(13): 2560-2566.
Giuliano A.E., Kirgan D.M., Guenther J.M., Morton D.L. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Annals of Surgery. 1994; 220(3):391.
Borgstein P.J., Meijer S., Pijpers R. Intradermal blue dye to identify sentinel lymphnode in breast cancer. The Lancet. 1997; 349(9066): 1668-1669.
Kern K.A. Sentinel lymph node mapping in breast cancer using subareolar injection of blue dye. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 1999; 189(6): 539-545.
Klimberg V.S., Rubio I.T., Henry R., Cowan C., Colvert M., Korourian S. Subareolar versus peritumoral injection for location of the sentinel lymph node. Annals of Surgery. 1999; 229(6): 860.
Krag D.N., Weaver D.L., Alex J.C., Fairbank J.E. A. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe. Surgical Oncology. 1993; 2(6), 335-340.
Linehan D.C., Hill A.D., Akhurst T., Yeung H., Yeh S.D., Tran K.N.,.. Cody H.S. Intradermal radiocolloid and intraparenchymal blue dye injection optimize sentinel node identification in breast cancer patients. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 1999; 6(5): 450-454.
Noguchi M. Sentinel lymph node biopsy and breast cancer. British Journal of Surgery. 2002; 89(1): 21-34.
Noguchi M. Sentinel lymph node biopsy as an alternative to routine axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer patients. Journal of surgical oncology. 2001; 76(2): 144-156.
Noguchi M., Tsugawa K., Miwa K., Yokoyama K., Nakajima K.I., Michigishi T.,.. Taniya T. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer using blue dye with or without isotope localization. Breast Cancer. 2000; 7(4): 287-296.
Veronesi U., Paganelli G., Galimberti V., Viale G., Zurrida S., Bedoni M.,.. Sacchini V. Sentinel-node biopsy to avoid axillary dissection in breast cancer with clinically negative lymph-nodes. The Lancet. 1997; 349(9069): 1864-1867.
Krontiras H., Bland K.I. When is sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer contraindicated? Surgical Oncology. 2003. 12(3): 207-210. Новые технологии
Uren R.F., Howman-Giles R.B., Thompson J.F., Malouf D., Ramsey-Stewart G., Niesche F.W., Renwick S.B. Mammary lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1995; 36(10): 1775-1780.
Britton T.B., Solanki C.K., Pinder S.E., Mortimer P.S., Peters A.M., Purushotham A.D. Lymphatic drainage pathways of the breast and the upper limb. Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2009; 30(6): 427-430.
Nos C., Lesieur B., Clough K.B., Lecuru F. Blue dye injection in the arm in order to conserve the lymphatic drainage of the arm in breast cancer patients requiring an axillary dissection. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2007; 14(9): 2490-2496.
Noguchi M., Yokoi M., Nakano Y. Axillary reverse mapping with indocyanine fluorescence imaging in patients with breast cancer. Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2010; 101(3): 217-221.
Yokoi M., Noguchi M., Nakano Y., Ohno Y., Kosaka T. Axillary reverse mapping using fluorescence imaging system in breast cancer. J. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2010; 119: 529-535.
Noguchi, M. Axillary reverse mapping for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2010; 119(3): 529-535.
Suami H., Pan W.R., Mann G.B., Taylor G.I. The lymphatic anatomy of the breast and its implications for sentinel lymph node biopsy: a human cadaver study. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2008; 15(3): 863-871.
Suami H., Pan W.R., Taylor G.I. Changes in the lymph structure of the upper limb after axillary dissection: radiographic and anatomical study in a human cadaver. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2007; 120(4): 982-991.
Noguchi M., Inokuchi M., Zen Y. Complement of peritumoral and subareolar injection in breast cancer sentinel lymph node biopsy. Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2009; 100(2): 100-105.
D’Eredita G., Ferrarese F., Cecere V., Massa S.T., de Carne F., Fabiano G. Subareolar injection may be more accurate than other techniques for sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2003; 10(8): 942-947.
Shimazu K., Tamaki Y., Taguchi T., Takamura Y., Noguchi S. Comparison between periareolar and peritumoral injection of radiotracer for sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with breast cancer. Surgery. 2002; 131(3): 277-286.
Smith L.F., Cross M.J., Klimberg V.S. Subareolar injection is a better technique for sentinel lymph node biopsy. The American Journal of Surgery. 2000; 180(6): 434-438.
Tuttle T.M., Colbert M., Christensen R., Ose K.J., Jones T., Wetherille R.,.. McMasters K.M. Subareolar injection of99mTc facilitates sentinel lymph node identification. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2002; 9(1): 77-81.
Anan K., Mitsuyama S., Kuga H., Saimura M., Tanabe Y., Suehara N.,.. & Ihara T. Double mapping with subareolar blue dye and peritumoral green dye injections decreases the false-negative rate of dye-only sentinel node biopsy for early breast cancer: 2-site injection is more accurate than 1-site injection. Surgery. 2006;139(5): 624-629.
Cody H.S., Fey J., Akhurst T., Fazzari M., Mazumdar M., Yeung H., Borgen P.I. Complementarity of blue dye and isotope in sentinel node localization for breast cancer: univariate and multivariate analysis of 966 procedures. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2001; 8(1): 13-19.
Hung W.K., Chan C.M., Ying M., Chong S.F., Mak K.L., Yip A.W.C. Randomized clinical trial comparing blue dye with combined dye and isotope for sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer. British Journal of Surgery. 2005; 92(12): 1494-1497.
Suami H., Shin D., Chang D.W. Mapping of lymphosomes in the canine forelimb: comparative anatomy between canines and humans. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2012; 129(3): 612-620.
Blanchard D.K., Donohue J.H., Reynolds C., Grant C.S. Relapse and morbidity in patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy alone or with axillary dissection for breast cancer. Archives of Surgery. 2003; 138(5): 482- 488.
Haid A., Koberle-Wuhrer R., Knauer M., Burtscher J., Fritzsche H., Peschina W.,.. & Zimmermann G. Morbidity of breast cancer patients following complete axillary dissection or sentinel node biopsy only: a comparative evaluation. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2002; 73(1): 31-36.
Leidenius M., Leivonen M., Vironen J., Von Smitten K. The consequences of long-time arm morbidity in node-negative breast cancer patients with sentinel node biopsy or axillary clearance. Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2005; 92(1): 23-31.
Mansel R.E., Fallowfield L., Kissin M., Goyal A., Newcombe R.G., Dixon J.M.,.. England D. Randomized multicenter trial of sentinel node biopsy versus standard axillary treatment in operable breast cancer: the ALMANAC Trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2006; 98(9): 599-609.
Ronka R., Von Smitten K., Tasmuth T., Leidenius M. One-year morbidity after sentinel node biopsy and breast surgery. The Breast. 2005; 14(1): 28-36.
Schijven M.P., Vingerhoets A.J.J.M., Rutten H.J.T., Nieuwenhuijzen G.A.P., Roumen R.M.H., Van Bussel M.E., Voogd A.C. Comparison of morbidity between axillary lymph node dissection and sentinel node biopsy. European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2003; 29(4): 341-350.
Schrenk P., Rieger R., Shamiyeh A., Wayand W. Morbidity following sentinel lymph node biopsy versus axillary lymph node dissection for patients with breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2000; 88(3): 608-614.
Swenson K.K., Nissen M.J., Ceronsky C., Swenson L., Lee M.W., Tuttle T.M. Comparison of side effects between sentinel lymph node and axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2002; 9(8): 745-753.
Sakorafas G.H., Peros G., Cataliotti L., Vlastos G. Lymphedema following axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. Surgical Oncology. 2006; 15(3): 153-165.
Wilke L.G., McCall L.M., Posther K.E., Whitworth P.W., Reintgen D.S., Leitch A.M.,.. Herndon J.E. Surgical complications associated with sentinel lymph node biopsy: results from a prospective international cooperative group trial. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2006; 13(4): 491-500.
Thompson M., Korourian S., Henry-Tillman R., Adkins L., Mumford S., Westbrook K.C., Klimberg V.S. Axillary reverse mapping (ARM): a new concept to identify and enhance lymphatic preservation. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2007; 14(6): 1890.
Casabona F., Bogliolo S., Menada M.V., Sala P., Villa G., Ferrero S. Feasibility of axillary reverse mapping during sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer patients. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2009; 16(9): 2459.
Kodama H., Mise K., Kan N. Lower axillary dissection for early breast cancer. J. Jap. Surg. Assoc. 2010; 71(12): 3031-3038.
Bedrosian I., Babiera G.V., Mittendorf E.A., Kuerer H.M., Pantoja L., Hunt K.K., Meric-Bernstam F. A phase I study to assess the feasibility and oncologic safety of axillary reverse mapping in breast cancer patients. Cancer. 2010; 116(11): 2543-2548.
Kang S., Choi J., Jeon Y., Lee S., Bae Y. Preservation of lymphatic drainage from arm in breast cancer surgery: is it safe? 2009.
Nos C., Kaufmann G., Clough K.B., Collignon M.A., Zerbib E., Cusumano P., Lecuru F. Combined axillary reverse mapping (ARM) technique for breast cancer patients requiring axillary dissection. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2008; 15(9): 2550-2555.
Ponzone R., Cont N.T., Maggiorotto F., Cassina E., Mininanni P., Biglia N., Sismondi P. Extensive nodal disease may impair axillary reverse mapping in patients with breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2009; 27(33): 5547.
Suami H., Taylor G.I., Pan W.R. The lymphatic territories of the upper limb: anatomical study and clinical implications. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2007; 119(6): 1813-1822.
Boneti C. et al. Scientific Impact Award: axillary reverse mapping (ARM) to identify and protect lymphatics draining the arm during axillary lymphadenectomy. The American Journal of Surgery. 2009; 198(4): 482-487.
Suami H., O'neill J.K., Pan W.R., Taylor G.I. Superficial lymphatic system of the upper torso: preliminary radiographic results in human cadavers. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2008; 121(4): 1231-1239.
Casabona F., Bogliolo S., Ferrero S., Boccardo F., Campisi C. Axillary reverse mapping in breast cancer: A new microsurgical lymphatic-venous procedure in the prevention of arm lymphedema. Annals of surgical oncology. 2008; 15(11): 3318-3319.
Boccardo F., Casabona F., De Cian F., Friedman D., Villa G., Bogliolo S., Campisi C. Lymphedema microsurgical preventive healing approach: a new technique for primary prevention of arm lymphedema after mastectomy. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2009; 16(3): 703.
Dayan J.H., Dayan E., Smith M.L. Reverse lymphatic mapping: a new technique for maximizing safety in vascularized lymph node transfer. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2015; 135(1): 277-285.
O’Sullivan M.J., Morrow M., Dirbas F., Scott-Conner C. Breast surgical techniques and interdisciplinary management. Springer-Verlag New York. 2011: 495-503.
68Ashitate Y., Stockdale A., Choi H.S., Laurence R.G., Frangioni J.V. Real-time simultaneous near-infrared fluorescence imaging of bile duct and arterial anatomy. Journal of Surgical Research. 2012; 176(1): 7-13.
Dip F.D., Ishizawa T., Kokudo N., Rosenthal R. Fluorescence imaging for surgeons. Springer - International Publishing Switzerland. 2015: 360.
Tanaka E., Chen F. Y., Flaumenhaft R., Graham G. J., Laurence R. G., & Frangioni J. V. Real-time assessment of cardiac perfusion, coronary angiography, and acute intravascular thrombi using dual-channel near-infrared fluorescence imaging. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2009; 138(1): 133-140.
