LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IN NATURAL-HISTORICAL ASPECT. PART 2
From the point of view of phylogenesis, the appearance of the lymphatic system was logical: the evolutionary leap in the sizes and volumes of animals was accompanied by complication and the emergence of a more effective cardiovascular system, vital for feeding an increased number of tissues and organs. According to Starling's theory (on water metabolism in the microcirculatory bed), the amount of “leaked” fluid at the level of arterioles is higher than reabsorbed at the level of venule. For the above-described reason (the impossibility of an effective reabsorption of the liquid at the level of venules and the need to maintain the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system), the lymphatic system is a venous derivative. Evidently, there was a need for the emergence of a “drainage” system, whose roots would begin in the intercellular space and the fluid flow would have direction, similar to the venous (toward the right atrium). From the point of view of ontogenesis, thanks to modern genetic, immunological techniques, and the possibility of conducting live studies on biological models in vivo, a mixed model of the origin of the lymphatic system has been finally established (from the endothelial cells of the cardinal vein and other mesenchymalangioblasts with a distinctive set of markers, from yet unidentified sources). This indicates a much greater complexity of the lymphatic system than previously thought. The anatomical substrate indirectly indicative of the origin of the lymphatic system from the venous is lymphovenous anastomoses (normally, there is no blood in the lymphatic system, so let us say that the direction of fluid flow from the lymphatic reservoirs towards the veins) is in the retroperitoneal space. With regard to the partial origin of LEC from bipotentangioblast, the findings only indicate that, when moving from the cranial to the caudal, the involvement of non-venous sources is significantly reduced. As a result, perhaps, a possible explanation should be put forward of the fact that primary lymphedema almost exclusively affects the lower limbs at the onset of the disease. An open question remains the question of how similar is the model of development of the human lymphatic system to that of mice and zebrafish and how this knowledge can be used for medical purposes to treat congenital and acquired disorders of the lymphatic system. In particular, the molecular mechanisms of the development of the lymphatic system are links in the pathogenesis of many diseases from the primary lymphedema group and the influence on these links through gene therapy is currently considered to be the most appropriate approach. Treatment of secondary lymphedema (for example, due to obstruction of the lymph drainage at a certain level) should be considered, first of all, from the point of view of physiology and its function, and secondly from the point of view of embryology: in this case it is necessary to restore the drainage system fluid from the lymphatic channel into the venous (the derivative of which is the lymphatic system), and the performance of various micro- and supermicrosurgical shunting operations is very justified.
Keywords
лимфатическая система,
лимфатические сосуды,
лимфатические эндотелиальные клетки,
нокаут гена,
нокдаун гена,
первичная лимфедема,
эмбриология,
анатомия,
лимфология,
лимфовенулярные анастомозы,
lymphatic systme,
lymphatic vessels lymphatic endothelial cells,
gene knockout,
gene knockdown,
primary lymphedema,
embriology,
anatomy,
lymphology,
lymphovenular anastomosesAuthors
| Dudnikov A.V. | Institute of Microsurgery | ya.alex1994@yandex.ru |
| Baytinger V.F. | Institute of Microsurgery; Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky | |
| Kurochkina O.S. | Institute of Microsurgery | |
Всего: 3
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