Insight and incubation in thinking: the role of awareness processes
The authors propose a model that explains both insight and incubation phenomena. Incubation is a period of problem solving during which a solution is ripening without any subject's conscious attempts to solve a problem. Insight is a sudden, stepwise emergence of a solution in a subject's consciousness. Our model is based on the analysis of the relationships between the conscience and the unconscious as well as on the notion of implicit solution of a problem. The implicit solution of a problem is such a solution that could be present in the subject's cognitive system but couldn't be realized. According to our model of insight Aha-experience plays an important role in problem solving: it informs a person that currently activated information matches solution criteria. Thus, Aha-experience (feeling of insight) informs a person about the existence of implicit solution to a given problem. Our model also supposes that incubation influences the conscious processes in such a way that they become more sensible to activation of elements in semantic network. Therefore incubation helps to become aware of current implicit solution, but not to find a new one. We describe some of our experimental data that support our theoretical model. In three studies it was shown that Aha-cues (insight-like exclamation "Ah! It's clear!", "Oh! Got it!" etc.) enhanced anagram solving during several seconds after their presentation. In other study we verify the hypotheses that the incubation is effective only if solution to the problem already exists at subconscious level. The first day we presented to the subjects pairs of anagram-answers. We used anagrams with two possible answers, but made subjects acquainted only with one of them. There were four randomly selected groups of subjects and two groups of 18 anagrams with two possible answers each. The presentation of pairs "anagram-answer" was counterbalanced. The second day (after a week on average) we asked our participants to solve all 36 anagrams. For each participant three kinds of responses were registered: accuracy of primed answers, accuracy of non-primed (alternative) answers, and accuracy of neutral anagrams. All subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two groups - with or without incubation. Our results revealed that the incubation effect was observed only in the case of non-primed answers, but timings of findings of the preactivated and alternative solutions before incubation did not differ and were significantly smaller, than for findings of neutral answers. We consider that our model of awareness of implicit solution explains empirical data reasonably well and could be used to predict experimental results as well as real life outcomes.
Keywords
мышление,
озарение,
Ага-переживание,
имплицитное решение,
фиксация,
инкубация,
инсайт,
thinking,
illumination,
Aha-experience,
implicit solution,
fixation,
incubation,
insightAuthors
| Valueva Ekaterina А. | Institute of Psychology of Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow State University of Psychology & Education | ekval@list.ru |
| Ushakov Dmitry V. | Institute of Psychology of Russian Academy of Sciences | dv.ushakov@gmail.com |
Всего: 2
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