Summary.pdf SUMMARYSergei SuleakMilestones of Moldavian Statehood.Moldavian statehood has undergone a long process of development. Having formedin the second half of the 14thC into a Vlach-Rusin Moldavian Orthodox Princedom, itbecame a vassal state of Turkey. In 1774 a part of the Princedom, Bukovina was occupiedand then annexed by Austria. In 1812 the Pruth-Dniestrovian land called Bessarabia wasjoined to Russia in agreement with the Treaty of Bucharest and with Turkey. After therevolution in Russia in 1917, on the territory of Bessarabia a Moldavian DemocraticRepublic is proclaimed within the Russian Federation. At the beginning of 1918 theterritory of Bessarabia was occupied by Rumania. In 1924, on the Left Bank of theDniester River the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as partof the Ukrainian SSR. After the liberation of Bessarabia on Aug. 2, 1940 a MoldavianSoviet Socialist Republic was created in the USSR. In June 1990 the sovereignty of theRepublic of Moldova was proclaimed. On Aug. 27, 1991 the Parliament adopted theConstitution of the Independence of the Republic of Moldova.Igor VoznyiThe Political Development of the Territory of Northern Bukovina on the Eveof its Entrance into the Moldavian Principality (second half of the 13th-14thC).The problems of the political development of Northern Bukovina in the second halfof the 13th-14thC are discussed in the article. The desolation which dominated hereafter the Tartar-Mongolian invasion are outlined. The political and military events thattook place and the role Northern Bukovina played in the geopolitical history of South-East Europe are analyzed. The history of the entrance of the given territory into theMoldavian Principality are noted.Mikhail Chuchko, Sergei PivovarovThe Creation of the Land of Moldavia and the Formation of its Northern Bordersin the second half of the 14thC-beginning 16thC in Light of Written Sources andArcheological Material.The article deals with the process of the settling of Moldavia as a Hungarian Border«Mark» in the region to the east of the Carpathian Mountains and its transformationinto an independent state in the middle of the 14thC. Primary attention is paid to thequestion of expansion of the territory of Moldavia «from the mountains to the sea» atthe end of the 14thC and the last demarcation of the borderline with Poland along theRiver Cheremosh at the beginning of the 16thC.Aleksandr MaiorovMiracle-Working Icons in Galician-Volynian Rus' at the Beginning of the 13thC.As with the Byzantine Emperors and rulers of the Slavic states in the Balkans, theprinces of Old Rus' and then the Moldavian Gospodars demonstrated on-going concernin the acquisition of highly-revered Christian relics and foremost of miracle-workingicons. Up to the time of Prince Roman Mstislavich the appearance in Galician-VolynianRus' of the highly-revered miracle-working icon of Our Lady of Kholm has drawnthe attention of researchers. Most likely, there appeared in Galich one other Christianshrine - the Byzantine Mosaic Icon of the Mother of God «Agiosoritissa», which is nowkept in a monastery near Cracow. From Galician-Volynian Rus' is the highly-esteemedmiracle-working icon known as «The Black Madonna» of Czestochowa. According totradition it was painted by Evangelist Luke and is classified as an iconographic type ofSummary 203the Mother of God «Odighitria». Today the Czestochowa Icon is one of the main shrinesof Poland revered by Catholics and Orthodox alike.Aleksandr OguiThe Moldavian Trade Route: Its Formation, Flourishing, Decline (14th-17thC).The formation in the 1370's of the Moldavian Trade Route, as an alternative to theTartar, is discussed in the article along with typical goods of eastern trade (14th-15thC), the change in the assortment of goods and the transition to the trade of KRS, whichformed two thirds of state income (16thC); the decline of trade because of the CossackCampaigns and Wars (1595-1612, 1648-1672), which required the moving of the traderoute into Transylvannia.Leonid MacionzhnikThe Formation of a Multi-Cultural Society in Bessarabia in the 19thC.Moldova is often called the city-state: every fifth citizen lives in the capital. Havinglost its heavy industry, Kishinev has kept most of its scholarly potential: for example,the level of Moldavian programmers is high. the work of Moldavian physicists andmathematicians was used even in Soviet cosmic technology. The division between cityand village continues and even though the reasons for this are not the same as in the19thC, its relatively simple and easy among the general populace to pass these reasonson as nationalistic. From this stems the disunity in Moldavian society which brought onthe lengthy political crisis in 2009. Generally speaking as long as this division continues,as long as Moldova is divided into city and village life, no stability is possible.Petr ShornikovThe Russian Community and the Rumanian State 1918-1940.During the interwar period (1918-1940) the Rumanian occupation of Bessarabiadiscontinued Russian of its official status and Russians other national minoritiesrepresentation in administration and the potential for legal participation in political life.However, Russians created a network of several organizations, which withstood andsupported the functional sphere of the Russian language and aided in the perservationof the orientation of the population toward Russia.Igor BurkutThe Activity of the Soviet and Ukrainian Underground on the Territory of theChernovtsy Region in 1941-1944.In the Chernovtsy Region at the beginning of WWII , the Soviet underground didnot lend itself to an effective force because of the lack of the necessary support of thelocal population. The massive repressions of 1940-41 pushed it asunder. However, someanti-occupation groups did eventually form. In the Bukovinian regions the Ukrainiannationalistic underground was larger although it didn't activate into armed conflictagainst the occupation by Hitler nor Rumania.Viacheslav Sodol'Relations Concerning Land Between Orthodox Monasteries and LocalAuthorities in Moldavian SSR 1940-1950.After the liberation of Moldavia in 1944, the Orthodox Church was granted judicialrights. The monasteries kept the right to own land, have privileges and have free use ofbuildings and inventory. However, because of the significant number of older monks,who could cultivate the land and carry on agriculture, many monasteries declined theprivileges offered them. During the period of the complete collectivization of the MSSRthe land issues between the local authorities and monasteries sharpened because of thestate farms' attempts to claim the privileges of the monasteries. These conflicts wereable to be regulated thanks to the intervention of the Russian Orthodox Church in theMoldavian SSR and also because of the decline of antagonism between state farm andmonastery. The author makes note of the unique situation of the Kitskan Monasteryand its land endowment.Vitalii IchenkoAnti-Church Politics of the Soviet State in the MASSR (eg. in the Municipalityof Slobodzeia).The article is dedicated to the problem of the relationship of the Soviet State and theRussian Church in one of the tragic periods of history in the 20thC - specifically in the1930's during the period of massive oppression. The author, having outlined in shortthe position of the Church after the October Revolution , then focuses on a regionalhistory - the history of Autonomous Moldavia of which the research concerns the clergyof Slobodzeia. The example is based on research which is of several biographical factsand the difficult fate of the clergy, who for their faith and people often were deprivedof freedom and in the majority of cases, their lives.Nikolai BabilungaThe Fall of the USSR and the Crisis of Moldavian Statehood.The Moldavian SSR existed a half century as a Soviet Republic. The destruction ofthis form of statehood of the Moldavian people and its disintegration is firmly tied tothe transition in the 1980's of the local national-party bureaucratic elite of the SovietRepublics into the position of aggressive nationalism, russofobia and anti-communism.The rebirth of Moldavian statehood and the overcoming of the division of society ispossible by means of a federation. like the Swiss, where the interests of the individualand the role of the central and local authorities is defined, which stems from the needsof each individual. In this system the central government is subsidiary to the local.Natalia Nechaeva-Iuriichuk.The Particulars of the Formation of Moldavian Statehood After the Acquisitionof Independence.The Republic of Moldova belongs to the group of those states which up until noware undergoing a period of formation of statehood. As a result of the signing of theMolotov-Ribbentrop Pact, it entered into the USSR just as the Baltic Countries andthe Western Ukraine. Thus, the Republic of Moldova belongs to the group of thosestates which formed on the ruins of the Soviet Union and didn't free itself from Soviet«protection». Beginning in 1990 and continuing to the present time, the Republic ofMoldova is undergoing a complex process in the formation of its statehood. During thistime a new constitution (1994) was adopted and a transition to a parliamentary formof rule was completed. Today Moldova is undergoing a political crisis which began in2009 and is connected to the unwillingness of political forces in the country to directits activity into a constructive channel.Aleksandr Kozholianko, Georgii KozholiankoThe Love-Family Orientation of Youth in the Rituals of the Moldavians ofBukovina during the Pre-Christmas Period.The pre-Christmas rituals of the winter calendar of the Moldavians of Bukovina areresearched in the article. Attention is directed to fortune-telling and superstition of theyouth aimed at explaining the future of the couple and a fortunate family life.

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