On the structural and semantic correlation of grammatical units of the languages from typologically different systems

The paper considers the problems of finding out and substantiating the universal criteria of part-of-speech differentiating of units in typologically different languages. With the widely spread sincretic root feature in the Tungusic languages (grammatical homonimy) and such a syntactic norm as the fixed word order in the sentence, brought traditionally to the fore are some syntactic characteristics complemented by morphological categorical features (declension and possession, conjugation, tense etc.) and by semantic characteristics determining the general grammatical meaning. On the basis of the general grammatical meaning (Substantivity/Objectivity, Process in Time, Attributivity and Adverbiality) all autosemantic words of a language are classified words into grammatical classes. The formation of lexical units within every class makes it possible to form an inventory of models. An analysis of morphologo-semantic structure of a word form in correlated languages reveals the correspondence of a Russian lexical unit to some Tungusic morpheme, i.e. correlation of a Russian word phrase and/or a Tongues one.

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