Emotive verbs and verbs denoting interpersonal relationships of Altai and Khakas in comparison with other Turkic languages

We analyze the lexical-semantic correspondences of Altai and Khakas emotive verbs and verbs denoting interpersonal relationships in other languages, primarily Kipchak ones. Altai and Khakas lexis has different levels. All-Turkic lexemes are the most numerous ones among the interlinguistic correlations. On the basis of all-Turkic lexis, new words were formed, and new meanings were developed, either for all Southern Siberian languages in general or specifically for Altai and Khakas. It is demonstrated that the emotive verbs uniting the Siberian Turkic languages are mostly Mongolian loan words. Among the emotive verbs, the Altai-Tuvan correspondences are the most common, and among these, most are Mongolisms. The Altai-Khakas correspondences appear to be Turkic in origin, namely Siberian Turkic. Altai and Khakas are shown to be particularly close, including the evolution of their verb semantics. Large numbers of words uniting Altai, Khakas, and Kipchak languages show how Altai and Khakas have been influenced. According to its phonetic and grammatical traits, Altai is a Kipchak language; however, it does not contain many Kipchak interlinguistic correlations in contrast with Khakas. Some parallels with Kyrgyz may also be observed. Siberian Turkic languages, which are mostly heterogeneous, tended to contact with languages from various groups. Their common lexical traits reveal the existence of an interaction between Turkic languages on contact territories, and the presence of common historical factors influencing the evolution of these languages (particularly the Mongolian influence).

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