The typology of rural settlement nominations in English, German, French and Russian architectural and city-planning terminology: the problem of interlingual correspondence of terminological units

The article is devoted to the study of rural settlements nominations in the English (the United Kingdom), German (Germany), French (France) and Russian (Russian Federation) languages which, on the one hand, represent the architectural, city-planning terms and, on the other hand, refer to the realia and reflect cultural and historical peculiarities of peoples' lives. For the better understanding and adequate translation of these realia terms, the inventory of rural settlements' nominations in the English, German, French and Russian languages is determined; the detailed descriptions of terminological units in separate languages are given; the relations between lexical units within the corresponding terminology fields of each of the four languages are investigated; the interlingual correspondence of terms is considered in this article. Rural settlements nominations in the languages under study are divided into five groups in the article. 1) Nominations of large rural settlements with the right to conduct market trade (UK, Germany, France). In Russia settlements of this type are not known; therefore, the corresponding names of other languages are translated into Russian descriptively. 2) Names of large and medium-sized rural settlements having no right for market trade (UK, Germany, France, Russia). Interlingual correspondences of this type of nominations are represented by a number of full equivalents. In the UK, Germany and France these settlements are differentiated according to the type of territory development. Cross-language equivalents in English, German and French are restricted in this case to generic terms that convey the main types of territory development in the countryside, which can be specified. As for the Russian language, the names of rural settlements denoting the type of territory development are translated into it descriptively. 3) Names of small rural settlements having no church and differentiated according to the type of territory development as well as to their remoteness from a larger settlement (UK, Germany, France, Russia). Interlingual correspondences of the names of such settlements are represented by a number of analogues the choice of which depends upon additional information about the type of territory development and its remoteness from a larger settlement. 4) Names of very small settlements of a manor type (UK, Germany, France, Russia). The names of such settlements are correlated as equivalents or as analogues, the choice of which is based on additional information on the size of the settlement and on the number of households. 5) Names of rural settlements which generally include farmlands, very small manor-type settlements and/or small isolated settlements consisting of several households (UK, Germany, France). Interlingual correspondences of the names of such settlements are represented by a range of full or partial equivalents.

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