New forms of human alienation: personality amputation or anthropological authenticity of free existence

Classical philosophy determined the human being through the notions of its essence or ''arche'', which corresponded to the metaphysical style of classical philosophy. The classical Antiquity found the essence of the human being in reason. The reason was considered as the essence of the human being, because it dictated standards and ideals, which helped humans to create themselves and the world. ''Arche'' (substance, mental essence, basis) was the mode of human being formation. The classical anthropological point of view was based on metaphysics, which is concerned with the search of the final foundation of being. The cogito of Descartes, the monad of Leibniz, the pure reason of Kant, the relations of production of Marx are patterns of philosophical formations and ontological centres of anthropological programs of these authors. They formed the notion of the metaphysical human being, which had the following features: absoluteness, universalism, invariance, transcendentality. This came as the foundation for identify, self-identity, because the human being always had a stable essence. Modern philosophical and anthropological thought refuses the notion of the metaphysical human being because of the deconstruction of metaphysics. The essential conception of the human takes place, too, but this process is connected with the increasing freedom of the human. The notion of the metaphysical human being is replaced by the notion of the empirical human being, who lives an ordinary life, has common relations and connections. But the refusal of the essence is а new form of human alienation, because the human is free to choose the way of development. But this freedom leads to individualism, disunion of people, instability of personal identity, duality of selfhood. Therefore the question arises: What is new form of human alienation? Is it anthropological authenticity of free existence or personality amputation?

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