Physiological and biomechanical features of the landing phase of the standing long jump

We investigated the physiological and biomechanical features of the landing phase of the standing long jump among sportsmen of different qualifications. 30 men aged 17 to 24 were involved in the study. According to the degree of motor skills development they were divided into two groups. The main group consisted of athletes with a high qualification (16 people) engaged in sports for over four years and specializing in sprint and power athletics. The control group consisted of students (14 people) who did not have sports categories in athletics. All of the respondents completed the jump. This exercise is not competitive, but is constantly used in training athletes. For the analysis of the orientation of the body parts, their location in space and position at the support the motion tracking method was used. Spatial moves of the athletes' body parts were recorded with a camcorder Vision Research Phantom Mire eX2 with over 100 frames per second. The obtained data were processed and analyzed in the program StarTraceTracker 1.1 VideoMotion®. According to the method of tracking the angle in the cervical spine of the control group respondent is approximately 220°, which reflects the reaction of the motor centers of the brain stem to the afference from the receptors of the vestibular apparatus. In the main group, due to the high level of qualification, this mechanism of balance reflex regulation is also involved, however, the extension of the cervical is expressed to a lesser extent and the muscles of the neck and head do not actively resist acceleration, so as not to interfere with the general vector of the direction of the body motion. We also found significant differences in the time of landing impact compensation, in the dynamics of the location of the center of the body mass, in the position of the hip joint. We established that in the moment of contact with the support the horizontal velocity of motion of the hip joint is zero, only the vertical velocity changes, i.e. the center of the body mass does not shift horizontally moving vertically down to the selected point of landing. The control group made both horizontal and vertical moves at this point, which led to a slip when landing. Even more remarkable differences between groups were found at the time of entering into the upright position. Thus, the obtained data show that the formation of technical skills of landing when performing a standing long jump is due to the restructuring of the system of static and kinetic reflexes of the athlete. The nature of the movement in the cervical spine and hip and knee joints changes. The amplitude of motion speed change as well as its direction is characteristically different. Therefore, physiological and biomechanical features of the body motion in the landing phase of the standing long jump performed by sportsmen of different qualifications are absolutely characteristic and caused by the whole complex of changes in the organism and structure of the body in the training process.

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