Transaction costs of using new forms of labor relations by example of crowdsourcing and possible ways of their reduction

Innovations occur in all spheres of human life, affect work and entail new forms of labor relations. New forms of labor relations differ from classical, traditional forms, especially in such characteristics as: • nature of the distribution of income and risks between the employer and the employee, • rational model of mutual obligations and guarantees of subjects of labor relations; • specificity of the formalization of relations and other access to the means of production and property. Thus, the juxtaposition of the new and classical forms of labor relations has economic, legal and social nature. New forms (in terms of implementation rather than time) include: outsourcing, crowdsourcing, outstaffing, insourcing, employee leasing, toxic practices of personnel management, etc. In this article, the author tries to analyze new forms of labor relations on the example of crowdsourcing from the position of transaction costs approach, which is currently the methodological basis of economic theory and neo-institutional approach. The paper considers the content of new forms of labor relations. An approach to their classification is offered, depending on the direction of function optimization and transfer to organizations, in accordance with which the author identifies such forms as insourcing, outsourcing, crowdsourc-ing, and others. The essence of crowdsourcing as a new form of labor relations is described. The possibilities of using the theory of transaction costs to new forms of labor relations is considered. The transaction costs of labor relations are understood as costs of employment participants (employees, employers, state) from their actions on the conclusion of agreements on labor implementation, ensuring its performance, compensation guarantees, and using its results. On the one hand, new forms of labor relations, due to their nature and unformed status, require significant transaction costs, and therefore mitigation measures should be developed. On the other hand, innovation, new forms of interaction reduce the need for a number of transaction costs. Some transaction costs can be reduced by creating crowdsourcing network platforms using university-based e-learning Moodle system. The opportunism reasons of crowdsourcing participants are studied. Recommendations to eliminate them, in terms of creating a crowdsourcing standard and an overall rating system of crowdsourcing participants are considered.

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