Lessons of A.I. Galich in the formation of literary and aesthetic views of A. Nikitenko

A.V. Nikitenko read lectures on Russian literature at St. Petersburg University from 1832 to 1864, during the period of self-determination of Russian literature in the era of violent disputes about its national peculiarity. The most significant mentor in the formation of Nikitenko was a Professor of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University, A.I. Galich, he was the conductor of German idealism in Russia. In the book of Galich Experience of the Science of Nicety, the category of nicety formed such notions as ideological art, embodiment of idea in the image, freedom of creativity. Nikitenko formed his idea about the ideal through Galich's book, but he analyzed the way from the ideal to the image in more details than his teacher. Galich briefly explained the origin of the image of the comic; Nikitenko, in turn, studied the creation of images in specific works of great writers (Shakespeare and Goethe). Galich posed the problem of freedom of the artist; Nikitenko raised the problem of personal responsibility of a free artist and the right of society to protect its moral foundations using criticism. The general line of thought of Galich and Nikitenko coincided, but in many respects the disciple moved further than his teacher, developing questions of figurativeness, freedom on the practical material and answering the needs of the time and society. Galich's book Experience of the Science of Nicety played an important role in the development of Russian literature, it is an attempt to scientifically justify the theory of romanticist art. Galich showed differences between the classical normative art and the new romantic art. The idea of "poetic universality" Galich expressed was that beauty varies according to historical and local conditions. This idea led to a particular form of historicism: philosophical historicism. Galich was at the beginnings of Russian philosophical aesthetics, of understanding of the results and totals of the "French" and "German" aesthetic methods. In general course of philosophical historicism, he saw the third form of art after classicism and romanticism in the merger of the first two, and called it "romanticist plastic arts." These progressive for its time thought had an impact on the further development of aesthetics. In his article about V.A. Zhukovsky, Nikitenko contrasted more sharply, compared to Galich, two directions in the literature: the classic literary school of France and the new European trend in literature. Nikitenko wrote about the significance of V.A. Zhukovsky in the overall process of reorientation from the French to the German method, and claimed that Zhukovsky "was the first poet in the direct artistic sense of the word", that Zhukovsky's idealism prepared the way for the poetic realism of Pushkin and Gogol.

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