Physiological and biomechanical mechanisms of shock action coordination in combat sports

Currently the mechanisms of human physiological system rearrangements under the influence of sports training are actively studied. However, the problem of physiological support of motor actions in athletes engaged in complex-coordinating sports remains insufficiently studied. In this case, it is the level of control over motor actions is at the core skills of athletes. The power of the strike depends on the translational and rotational motions in different parts of the body joints around the vertical axis of the body. The vertical axis is the spine. This is the worst, in terms of biomechanics, way of a hand strike. Therefore, to further increase the strength, karate uses reverse and amplitude throw of the body in the direction of the strike. Another factor influencing the effectiveness of the strike is rigidity. To strike hard it is necessary to increase the force of impact, it is necessary to increase the mass of the strike, its speed, and to decrease its time. The increase in speed is achieved by relaxing before the strike. This is necessary so that the muscles-antagonists do not interfere with the action of the attacker, as the muscle relaxation time is about 1.5-2 times greater than the tension time. Coordination of movements at the maximum strikes in karate depends on the speed of the shock level at the time of the contact with the body struck. The athlete's ability to perform complex-coordination activities is due to the physiological mechanisms responsible for the self-regulation of motor activity. Currently, it is proved that basic coordination occurs at the spinal level, and includes fairly extensive functions. Neural mechanisms of the brain stem significantly enrich the motor program, responsible for the most effective position of the body in space due to cervical, spinal and labyrinth reflexes and for the optimal distribution of muscle tonus. Higher motor centers are responsible for the regulation and organization of moves. Thus, the system of move regulation is multilevel. The various divisions of the nervous system interact, which involves not only bilateral intercentral connections, but also reverse afferent impulses from different receptors. Of great importance for a particular result, for a particular move, for achievement of the goal is reverse afferentation, going through various channels. First of all, it occurs through afferents of muscles, joints, i.e. sensory mechanisms of the musculoskeletal system. No less important is the afferent impulses from such seemingly far from the motor system receptors, as sight and hearing. The core of complex-coordination activities is a complex interaction of the vestibular analyzer and proprioceptors (dynamic analyzer), eyes and nervous system. Thus, motion control depends on two main mechanisms. The first mechanism is the formation of a certain space-time structure of muscle activation corresponding to the given motor task and the initial position of the motor apparatus which depends on innate connections and relationships developed in the course of the previous motor experience. The second mechanism involves making corrections to the original structure of muscle activation. To characterize these two mechanisms the terminology of cybernetics is used: the first mechanism is called a program, the second correction based on a feedback.

Keywords

Authors

References