Stochastic transport in ratchet-potential

Hydroxides of aluminum, zirconium, manganese, iron, silica and other inorganic sorbents are widely used. Many of the hydrated oxides of heavy metals are amphoteric and, depending on the conditions, may exhibit cation and anion exchange properties. Amphoteric oxyhydrates of transition metals are often interpreted as inorganic polymeric compounds. They are more diverse in composition and properties than crystalline sorbents and can form mesophase-like gel phases. This causes a large difference in the properties of amorphous oxyhydrates, including rheology. Relevance of the work is to study the initial stages of forming a gel that allows to create a better understanding of the mechanism of heavy metal oxyhydrates formation. A clear understanding of the processes of formation of structuring elements of oxyhydrate gels of heavy metals in non-equilibrium conditions allows to hope for sorbent-based gels with specified oxyhydrate sorbent characteristics. Practical value lies in the development of a methodology of directed synthesis of heavy metal oxyhydrates that have wide application in industry for natural and waste waters purification from heavy metal ions (Cu2 +, Zn2 +, Cd2 +, Co2 +, Ni2 +, Mn2 +) and obtaining high-purity samples. The planned work has no analogues in the world, according to the analysis of literature and discussions at conferences and seminars of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The study of nonlinear properties of gel oxyhydrate systems found the following features: oscillatory dilatancy, vibrational (fluctuating) electrical conductivity, spontaneous electric current of gel self-organization on the background of polarization phenomena, gel systems coloring, vibrational optical and sorption properties, and much more. These properties are due to widespread batch processes in colloidal chemistry of gel oxyhydrate systems of rare earth elements, as well as oxides and hydroxides of some d-elements, such as zirconium, niobium and others. Their study is assigned to coherent chemistry, i.e. the chemistry of vibrational-batch processes. Still, there is a certain complexity: classical inorganic chemistry and colloid chemistry have almost not developed and understood the vibrational paradigm of phenomena and processes development. However, these phenomena now make it possible to take a fresh look at the crystallography of colloidal systems, explore the change in the form of colloidal clusters in time.

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