Actualization of the hermeneutic approach in M.M. Bakhtin's philosophy of literary genres

The problem of the formation of the hermeneutic paradigm in M.M. Bakhtin's methodology for studying the philosophy of the literary genre, which developed in the theoretical research of the scientist of the 1920s-1970s, is analyzed. The material of the study is the classic works of Bakhtin devoted to methodology of the humanities, the problems of aesthetic activity, artistic content and forms, text, poetics, speech and literary genres. From the methodological point of hermeneutics, not as a method of teaching but as a doctrine of being, the problem of ontology of understanding and knowledge of the method of the literary genre actualized by the scholar, as well as the functional system of definitions of the hermeneutic approach in his genre theory, are highlighted. Innovation in the field of understanding the genre as a whole possessing certain means of "understanding the design of reality" is based on Bakhtin's reception and interpretation of the phenomenological-hermeneutic interpretation of the "reality of the spirit", its "autonomous being" peculiar for "new ontology". In his genre theory, the scholar grounded the relationship between the ontological and epistemo-logical-interpretational aspects in the study of the "sense-creating" integrity of a literary work. Actualization of traditions of herme-neutic experience causes such categories as "cultural tradition", "pre-understanding" ("divining", "anticipation of completeness"), "part and the whole", "horizons of understanding", "cultural contexts", "intentional acts of consciousness", "object-object relations" to be functional in Bakhtin's aesthetics. Improving the theory of interpretation (technology of "hermeneutic circle", expansion of "horizons of understanding" and others), Bakhtin envisioned the competence of "cultural tradition" in the "archaics" of the genre, in its specific understanding potential, i.e. in the "genre conditioning" area; it opened up the possibility of studying the interpretive component of hermeneutics - the specificity of forming and of development of genres as "parts" that correlate with genre conditioning to create the "whole" of an artistic "statement" which is connatural to these "parts". Bakhtin introduced the concept of "architectonics of aesthetic object", the structural embodiment of the "content of aesthetic activities aimed at literary work", to the aesthetics, which allowed to raise the question about recognition of the "understanding being" of literary genres. The result of the study is a conclusion that the hermeneutic approach in Bakhtin's philosophy of literary genres provided the discovery of an important methodological perspective in the study of problems of genre, the specificity of genre conditioning of types of "artistic expression" of all literary genera. Infusing the philosophical knowledge about the nature of artistic cognition, the scholar perfected the epistemological system of the theory of the understanding specifics and interpretation of the genre. In his doctrine of the genre "archaics" and "architectonics of aesthetic object", Bakhtin substantiated the theoretical significance of the study of the role of object-object (impersonal), then the subject-object relations in the process of "awakening of semantic features inherent in the genre" during the creation of literary works, as well as in the process of implementation of the dialectic of the "old" and "new" in the genre, providing continuity of literary development.

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