Formation of a humane person as a cultural and historical-legal problem of society (by the works of V.O. Klyuchevsky)

The article is devoted to the study of "three basic historical forces" of human coexistence V.O. Klyuchevsky distinguished: a person, a society and a state. Each of the specified historical forces is an important and irreplaceable link of human unions, forming certain elements and coexistence connections. The Russian historian referred to coexistence elements: individual desires, purposes, person's aspirations and relations between people. In common these elements form basic physiological, economic, legal and spiritual properties. These properties contain certain requirements. Physiological properties are those regularities and biological inclinations which characterize a person as a living organism and give an ability to be useful for themselves, society and nature (gender, age and consanguinity). Economic properties are the result of a person's thought and activities, where labor and capital are significant needs of a person and integral components of the economic sphere of the state, and the credit is a popular economic relations system between the creditor and the borrower (debtor). As well as economic properties, legal properties are a fruit of human mind, a result of practical activities, serving the purpose of people's unification in society and following a certain, established legal order in the state. V.O. Klyuchevsky distinguished two needs which are closely interconnected with each other: rights and duties. He noted that each person being a citizen of this or that state must be endowed with the rights and duties which are officially regulated by law. The Russian historian also referred to spirituality as an essential property. It includes four extensive requirements: religion, science, art, morals. Spiritual enrichment is inseparably connected with the understanding of everybody and everyone; it satisfies the natural need in empathy, communication, humanity that makes people coexist and provides for continuity. It is mind and will that give people their ability of coexistence and continuity. V.O. Klyuchevsky saw continuity in the gradual formation of the state: at first the primitive family (blood ties), then the clan (blood relations, legal and religious elements), then the tribe (genetic connection, unity of language, common customs and legends), then the nation as a consequence of tribes transformation as a result of division, merge or assimilation were constructed. In his works, the Russian historian mentioned the theme of European influence on Russia, speaking about the ambiguity of such influence, allocating positive and negative sides and critically evaluating the influence degree of the Westerners and the Slavophiles on national consciousness. Only the state can give rise to such a sociopolitical problem as the problem of class inequality. V.O. Klyuchevsky spoke about its violent historical formation; yet he was not the supporter of egalitarianism.

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