Forensic meaning of individual features of oral speech

The aim of the study was to consider the physiological features of the formation of oral speech and, on the basis of this, to formulate its criminalistically significant properties. Oral speech is of particular importance in the production of investigative actions that have a communicative aspect, such as interrogation and presentation for identification on the grounds of voice and speech. Signs of speech are individual, which determines their cromiminal value. In the process of research, it was revealed that individual sound attributes of speech include: voice, intonation, rate of speech; character, duration and distribution of pauses; character and degree of logical excretion; degree of phonetic reduction; dialect features and a foreign accent. Individuality of a person's voice is determined by the characteristic shape and size of the oral and nasal cavities and respiratory organs. The acoustic characteristic of the voice is relatively stable in time, and remains individual even with morphological and pathological changes in the organs of speech. The uniqueness of the structure of the speech apparatus is determined by the individuality of the vocal characteristics of the person giving evidence; they can be analyzed by the investigator in order to establish the state of aggression, excitement or fatigue of the interrogated. All organs involved in the formation of speech can be divided into active and passive. In this process, active organs perform various movements while speaking to form sounds. Active organs of speech include: vocal cords, tongue, lips, soft palate, tongue, posterior wall of pharynx, lower jaw. Passive organs of speech only play a supporting role. In particular, they determine the shape of the cavities which, in turn, determine the resonance properties of these cavities. The following organs of speech are passive: teeth, alveoli, hard palate, upper jaw. Thus, the individuality of speech is conditioned by the individuality of the structure of the speech organs of each person. In addition, the authors identified the following forensically significant features of oral speech: universality, automation, variability, visibility and individuality; they generally imply the stability of the characteristics of oral speech, which is important in obtaining information about a participant in investigative actions.

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