Simulation of the Training Process of Short-Distance Runners

The article deals with the problem of preparing for the training and competitive activity of athletes specializing in short-distance running. The aim of the study is to develop a model of training for runners over short distances. Theoretical (analysis of scientific and methodological literature on the problem of research; generalization; modeling) and empirical (experimental and experimental work; observation; pedagogical testing: level of physical condition, level of technical preparedness, psychophysiological testing, individual personal characteristics; medical-pedagogical examination: body length, body weight, methods of mathematical-statistical information processing) research methods were used in the study. The authors presented a model that includes three blocks: diagnostics and modeling (one-year preparation cycle: preparatory, competitive and transitional periods); content and adjustment (theoretical, physical, technical training and guidelines) and effect (theoretical, conditioned and technical preparedness of athletes). The functional state of the central nervous system was assessed by the parameters of a simple auditory-motor response to a sound stimulus; reaction to a moving object; assessment of the level of reactive and personal anxiety by the Spielberger-Hani reactive and personal anxiety scale; assessment of the functional mobility of the nervous processes by the Hilchenko method; assessment of the accentuation of character, temperament, personality by the Leonard Personality Inventory. The study identified individual errors of athletes in the technique of running phases: start, start acceleration, distance running; in retracting physical qualities and abilities: speed, speed-strength and speed endurance. Training complexes are proposed for their correction. As a result of the pedagogical experiment, the authors found that the speed abilities and speed endurance in most athletes and in most indicators increased to medium and high levels, the growth of speed and power abilities of sprinters is observed. The largest increase in the triple and tenfold jump was 2.8% and 3.0%, respectively. A kinematic analysis of the length and frequency of steps in the sprint race showed that these indicators in the studied athletes improved and became close to the strongest sprinter team of Russia and the world. There were improvements in the level of technical readiness; in the study group, the authors managed to eliminate errors in the position of low start and start acceleration. When exiting from the start, 8% of the sprinters remained with errors. Errors in calf positions remained in 25% of males. The remaining errors in 50% of the athletes were corrected. After the experiment, the proposed model allowed to increase the level of special physical fitness of athletes and significantly improve their technique for running short distances.

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