Temporality of Human Existence: On the Meaning of a Non-Classical Understanding of the Essence of Time in M. Heidegger's and N.A. Berdyaev's Philosophies

The article deals with the interpretation of the concept of time presented in the doctrines of M. Heidegger and N.A. Berdyaev. The aim of the study is to identify the possibility of countering the objectification of human subjectivity, which opens up through the development of temporal problems by existentialists in the early 20th century. Using the philosophical works of domestic and foreign authors, the author shows the reasons for the formulation of temporal problems and the importance of developing the category of temporality. Existentialists turn to the Kantian concept of time and, noting its advantages and critically rethinking some of its provisions, make it a starting point in the development of the problem of the temporality of human existence. In Kant's doctrine, they note a new interpretation of the concept of time, but, according to them, he could not change the former metaphysical view on time as a sequence of moments of the fulfillment of phenomena in objective existence. Limited to this understanding of time, Kant could not formulate the concept of the specificity of the temporality of human existence. The timeliness of temporal problems is revealed in the course of application of methods of analysis, analogy and generalization of the main ideas in the works of Berdyaev and Heidegger on the study of the nature of time. In particular, the categories "temporality" and "existential time", "authentic temporality" and "integral time", "inauthentic temporality" and "broken time", as well as the concepts "existence", "authentic existence" and "inauthentic existence", "fall" and "fall into sin", were compared. When analyzing the interpretation of the meaning of the categories "past", "present" and "future" and the subsequent generalization of the identified meanings, the conditions for distinguishing human existence from the existence of objects are determined and the possibility of acquiring the meaning of their existence outside objective determination is demonstrated. The main achievements in the works of Berdyaev and Heidegger are the introduction of the concept of temporality in philosophy to characterize a special way of temporal existence for a person, the separation of authentic and inauthen-tic, integral and broken time as a condition for the liberation of a person from the power of objective time, the separation of human existence from the environment of another being and the development of the concept of temporality of human existence. The conclusion of the study is the recognition of the significant contribution Heidegger and Berdyaev made in overcoming the existential crisis. In their conceptions of time, they show ways to liberate people from the dictates of objective time as their first step toward meaningful existence. This is especially important in an environment in which modern technology sets new time rhythms of life and takes away people's right to their own time to be themselves. The concepts of time developed by existentialists open a wide field of research in the field of humanitarian knowledge in the future.

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