Models for investigating drug trafficking on the "darknet": Experience of the Russian Federation, China, and recommendations for application in Vietnam

This article investigates and analyzes the issue of drug trafficking through the darknet in Vietnam, while also evaluating the criminal investigation models of the Russian Federation and China in combating this type of crime. The objective of the study is to highlight the current situation, challenges in drug crime investigation on the darknet in Vietnam, and propose solutions to improve the legal framework, enhance investigative capacity, and expand international cooperation, aiming to contribute to the development of the criminal prevention system in the context of rapid technological advancements. The article employs a comprehensive research approach, combining analytical, international comparative, case study, and expert survey methods. The study reveals that, in Vietnam, drug crime investigations on the darknet face significant limitations due to the absence of a complete legal framework, particularly in terms of authority for collecting anonymous data and using cryptocurrencies in transactions. In contrast, the investigative models of the Russian Federation and China have proven effective in combating drug trafficking on the darknet, thanks to the application of advanced technologies such as blockchain analysis, Tor surveillance, and other digital forensic techniques. These measures not only aid in tracing cryptocurrency flows but also support the monitoring of online criminal behavior. The article analyzes the difficulties Vietnam faces in investigating drug crime on the darknet, including gaps in the legal system, limited technical capacity, and the lack of coordination among law enforcement agencies. The research also points out that, while Vietnam has made significant efforts to dismantle large drug networks, the absence of specialized units for analyzing darknet criminal behavior data and experts in blockchain forensics and Tor forensics has substantially decreased the effectiveness of investigations. Based on the research findings, the article proposes three main solution groups to improve the situation. First, Vietnam needs to refine its legal system by adding provisions for special investigative measures related to crimes on the darknet, such as monitoring blockchain financial transactions and authorizing access to personal data in special cases. Second, specialized centers for analyzing darknet criminal behavior data should be established, equipped with advanced technical tools, and staff trained in forensic techniques. Third, international cooperation should be strengthened, particularly with organizations such as Interpol, Europol, and law enforcement agencies in the Russian Federation and China, to share information, learn advanced investigative methods, and participate in international initiatives aimed at combating drug trafficking. The article concludes that, to effectively combat drug trafficking on the darknet, Vietnam needs to establish a comprehensive investigative model combining a refined legal framework, advanced technical capacity, and international cooperation. Legal reforms, enhanced investigative capabilities, and improved coordination among authorities will help Vietnam better address the national security challenges posed by drug trafficking on the darknet. taxes for taxpayers. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

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