Criminalistical study of oral speech: historical aspect

The article is devoted to the history and development of doctrines of speech, both in domestic and foreign studies. In addition,it highlights researches in the field of speech in terms of different scientific fields. Speech is the main means of communication,information transfer from one person to another. The interest in the study of oral speech is due to the fact that it must be viewed fromdifferent sides: from the perspective of its grammatical (external) expression, sentence structure, and in terms of content, i.e. its meaning,the value the author attributes to it. Therefore, it is an object of study not only of linguistics, but also of psychology and criminology.Originally, it was studied in terms of grammar, syntax and word formation. Gradually, there appeared ideas and research areas ofspeech and language, as objects of study of psychology. That is, speech became interesting for researchers not only as a set of sounds,words, identical for every person pronouncing it, but also as a way of expressing a certain meaning and significance, which the speakerconveys. Thus, two approaches to the study of the spoken language, linguistic and psychological, were formed. Naturally, the furtherstudy and the desire of researchers was to combine these approaches in order to track whether it is possible to characterize a person, toassess his psychological state, using the data of persons spoken language as a criterion. The combination of the linguistic and psychologicalapproaches led to the formation of a new scientific knowledge - psycholinguistics. Further development of research in the fieldof speech led to the fact that the theoretical situation considered by psycholinguistics, were used more frequently used in practice, particularly,in the field of forensics to determine the psychological portrait of the suspect. Currently, one of the major challenges in thefield of forensic study of speech is to formulate and develop approaches to the study of language, research methods of speech in order tobe able to obtain most information about the speaker, including determining of the veracity of his/her words. An important role in thecriminology investigation of oral speech is training specialists in the field of linguistic, phonoscope examinations, as well as improvingways of fixing voices, the speaker's speech, so that experts had an opportunity to obtain the most reliable results of the study of oralspeech, and the developed theoretical positions could find good use in practice.

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