Linguistic, psychological and psycholinguistic approaches to the study of speech in criminalistics

The article describes the approaches to the study of speech: linguistic, psychologicaland psycholinguistic, their advantages and disadvantages. Language and speech have long interested researchers of various fields of science as ameans of communicating information from one person to another. Individual voices contributed to the emergence of a theory that personal identificationis possible by the speakers talking. The most ancient science that studies language is linguistics. It was linguistic research to be originallyused in the analysis of speech. We can say that linguistics evaluates the uttered text as a whole, in terms of use of grammatical, lexical,intonation means, and also in terms of the peculiar individual features of speech, such as the use of specific words or specific word order. Interestin natural sciences, psychology in the 19th century also influenced the study of speech; the psychological direction began to form. The psychologicalapproach enhanced the knowledge of linguistics in the study of speech. Words uttered by people surely bear the imprint of theirmind, mood, education, region of interest and level of education. Using the psychological approach it became possible to specify the research inspoken language, in order to achieve concrete and practical results, to penetrate into the meaning and significance of words, which certain peopleattribute to them in certain cases. The psychological approach has not made linguistics loose its relevance. On the contrary, with its extensiveexperience, accumulated knowledge in the field of speech, linguistics served as the foundation for a thorough psychological study of speech.With increasing of interest in studies of speech and inventing of ways to record it on different audio and video carriers, it is not surprising thatthe idea of combining the linguistic and the psychological approaches appeared. An integrated approach to the study of speech is called psycholinguisticor psycholinguistics. Psycholinguistics studies speech activity as human activity, its psychological content, structure, types and waysin which it is carried out, the form in which it is implemented and its functions. At the same time, psycholinguistics is a relatively young scienceand requires further, both theoretical and practical, researches. The most complete and reliable results in the study of speech can only be obtainedusing all the three approaches: linguistic, psychological and psycholinguistic.

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