Body and corporal

The need forphilosophical reflection on scientific evidence of human corporeality makes the problem of man in all the diverse characteristics of itsnature and existence an essential element of research activity of the Humanities. Researchers believe that at present not only differentiatedanalysis of the body as the object and the body as the subject is required, but also an integrative analysis of the totality of its variousstates, qualities and abilities, united in the notion of physicality. The result is that one of the main research challenges is the question ofthe ability of modern science to reveal the essence of the phenomenon of human corporeality. In this article we review and analyse differentaspects of human physicality in an attempt to prove that the distinction between "body" and "physicality" of cultural studies exists.What is physicality in contrast to body? Primarily, they are distinguished in the measure of "vitality". "Body" generally means,above all, a physical object, which does not possess subjectivity and spirituality. Talking about body, we imagine either natural (body asa biological and physiological organism), aesthetic, or, finally, practical (common understanding of the body) look. In psychology, wedo not consider body itself; certain changes in consciousness are associated with body, such as violation of the scheme, borders, or bodysensations. The legitimacy of the separation of these concepts is supported by historical linguistics, derived from the experience of linguistic traditions of various peoples of the world. For example, in the past the word "body" in the Russian language, in addition to itsmodern meaning, denoted a lifeless thing. Similar examples are found in other linguistic cultures. Also in the structure of the body wecan distinguish internal and external components. Internal components (internal living space) are learned through interceptive sensationsand feelings. External components (external appearance and living space) are not only perceived, but also seen. A modern trend in theworks of Z. Freud, R. Berduaystel, G. Calero, J. Nirenberg, A. Pis, K. Ryukle, J. Fast, R. Sheflen, Giddens, and A. Loewen is to analysebody language and nonverbal aspects of communication between people. Bodily experiences and bodily expression create conditions fordistinguishing between external and internal body language. The history of body became a subject of intense study in many branches ofthe Humanities in medical anthropology. In addition, each theory is not similar in content to other theories, because in one case historyof sexuality (M. Foucault), in another  the history of body psychology (V.I. Shkuratov) in the third  history of anatomical and physiologicalstudies of body (G. Glaser) is considered. A major scientific interest for development of human corporeality is the study of politicalanthropology (A. Deris, O.Yu. Rybakov, S. Espinoza).

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