Theoretical case study of communication in psychology

The term communication appeared in the scientific literature in the beginning of the 20th century and has threemeanings: 1) communication facilities of any objects of the material and inner world; 2) dialogue, information transfer from person toperson (interpersonal communication); 3) dialogue and information interchange in a society (social communication). There is a set ofdefinitions of social communication. Most common of them are: social communication, that is the transfer of information, ideas, emotionsby means of signs, symbols; it is the process which connects separate parts of social systems with each other; a mechanism bymeans of which the power as an attempt to define behaviour of another person is realized. In applied models of communication, thoseare models, which in the middle of the 20th century were urged to explain processes in sharply developed technical systems; componentsof a communicative chain for the purpose of predicting new effective communicative actions (J. Habermas) are traced. The basicapplied models of communications were Claude Shennons (mathematical) and Norbert Wieners (cybernetic) models. There are varioustheoretical models of social communication. Within the psychoanalytic model based on the theoretical doctrines of Z. Freud and K.Jung, communication is understood as a replacement of the unconscious inclinations by an individual. The Existentialist model considerscommunication as immersion in the world. This understanding of communication represents the development in the 20th centuryof such a system of customs, as individualism. The relations developing in the conditions of individualism will organize human life onthe principles of isolation and self-isolation that generates such a phenomenon of culture as uncommunicativeness. Uncommunicativenessis disintegration of all social communications, the extreme form of mutual alienation. As a result, individuals have the feeling ofloneliness, sense of senselessness, short-term and lack of necessity of persons existence in the world. Philosophers named such a situationcommunications crisis. Let us consider the theories constructed in the frameworks of the cognitive paradigm. Theories of framingassert that processes of processing and interpretation of the information by people are influenced by previous structures of values orthe scheme. There are three strategies of processing the news: active processing - the individual searches for additional sources of theinformation, as the information is always incomplete; reflective integration - the individual considers or discusses with others theinformation of mass media; selective scanning - the individual perceives messages, corresponding to his ideas. According to the constructivistmodel of effects of mass media, the audience is necessarily constructed on the basis of personal experience, interaction withneighbours and selective interpretation of the information. Frames are considered as schemes of presentation and perception of news.Two kinds of frames are: mass media frames and individual frames. Frames are central organizing ideas or plots, which introduce valuesin sequences of events, the essence of the message. Individual frames are clusters of ideas stored in brain of an individual, which processthe information directly. For interpretation and processing of political information two kinds of frames can be used: global politicalviews and short-term ones, depending on the event. Within V.I. Kabrins trans-communicative approach the author develops a hypothesisabout the communicative nature of the person in which the development of communication plays the role of a universal integratingprocess. It is necessary to notice that in this concept of the term communication, communicativeness, skills to communicate areconsiderably expanded in comparison with the same concepts of traditional western and domestic psychology. So, V.I. Kabrins understandscommunication as a certain universal information-power meaning-creative process, emotionally charged and accompanied bydeep eidetic experiences. So, Kabrin notices that communicativeness as an integrated characteristic of the person can join the geneticexperience of the past generations and lives.

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