Adaptation of the cardiovascular system of athletes to various loads

Mechanisms of adaptation of the cardiovascular systemof athletes to the loads of various types have been studied by methods of Doppler echocardiography, variation pulsometry and determinationof enzyme activity in serum. Athletes with a different orientation of the training process revealed differences in the morphometricparameters of the heart, and hemodynamic indicators of the state system of regulation of heart rhythm. Unidirectional change of morphofunctionaland hemodynamic parameters was revealed in athletes in the training process, which is dominated by the dynamic natureof the load (of speed and endurance). Stable adaptation circulatory apparatus to the load of dynamic nature is accompanied by moderatehypertrophy of the myocardium and dilatation of its cavities. Morphological changes are accompanied by increased parasympatheticinfluences on heart rate and increased adrenoreactivity infarction, which ensures economization of cardiac function at rest andpeak performance under extreme loads. However, athletes who perform loads of dynamic nature, but training a variety of physical attributes- speed and endurance, revealed differences in patterns of metabolism. Athletes of endurance adaptation of the circulatoryapparatus are associated with an increase in aerobic energy production mechanisms, as evidenced by the positive correlation betweenindices of morphometry and maximal oxygen consumption. For athletes, training speed and power qualities, an important role in thestructure of myocardial metabolism processes belongs to anaerobic glycolysis, which confirms the relationship between the revealedmorphofunctional indices of myocardium and lactic and dehydrogenase activity. Athletes training in the power load direction showweak signs of the economizing function of the circulatory apparatus. Signs are shown of moderate myocardial hypertrophy without theincrease of the functional volume of the heart. Perhaps, the adaptation of the heart muscle to hyperthyroidism is due to the activation ofplastic processes and protein synthesis, as evidenced by the high activity of aminotransferases, which ultimately leads to an increase inthe thickness of the heart muscle. Hemodynamic status indicators for regulatory mechanisms are within the age-related physiologicalnorms for healthy, untrained men. The structure of anaerobic metabolism increases power and reduces the capacity of aerobic ways ofATP resynthesis, as evidenced by positive correlations between the CK activity and the morphometric parameters; and negative indicesbetween maximal oxygen consumption rates and morphometrics. According to the variation pulsometry, increased parasympatheticinfluences on heart rate were revealed in groups of speed and endurance. For athletes, training power quality, the parameters reflectingthe state of the system of regulation of heart rate are within the physiological norms for healthy untrained people. Thus, the mechanismsof long-term adaptation of the cardiovascular system to stress of various types are associated primarily with the reconstruction ofmetabolic processes, which is consistent with the principle of priority to ensure the structural systems that dominate in the process ofadaptation.

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