Structure of gymnastic exercises

In the article the stage-phase approach to the analysis of the structure of gymnastic exercises is described. Specialists involved in studying engineering of sports exercises often turn to the stage-phase construction of the structure in biomechanical analysis , which allows to identify those phases of the holistic motor actions that need to be taught first. By example of the standard classification of the structure of gymnastic exercises we show the role of the stages and phases in the context of the pedagogical tasks undertaken by an athlete at each stage. The author considers the structure of gymnastic exercises basing on the works of N.A. Kurerova, N.G. Suchilina, Yu.K. Gaverdovsky, gives examples of motor tasks athletes have at each stage. Structural division of sports exercises by phase composition allows to emphasize in the motor action control movements that realize the flexion-extension motion in the joints, and propose a specific method of teaching an exercise, or a group of gymnastic exercises. Since teaching gymnastic exercises is not standardized, in each case the coach and the trainee should have a clear idea of the nature of cause and effect in motion, which is determined when analyzing stage-phase structures of gymnastic exercises. Stages preceding the main one play an important role in the teaching process, as their technically correct execution results in a perfect performance of exercises and the ability to perform them at all. On the model of the gymnastic exercise Tkachev salto on the bar we analyze its structure with allocation of periods, stages and phases of actions-movements. The exercise includes three periods: 1) supported, 2) unsupported, and 3) supported. Further subdivisions are presented in stages. In our study these are: the preparatory phase, the main stage, the implementation, the concluding stage. In accordance with the scheme of allocation of the structure of exercises by their biomechanical component, Tkachev salto is subdivided in the first supported period on the phases: action phase ''Handstand'', action phase ''Travelling upwards'', phase action phase ''Throw'', phase action phase ''Countertempo''. The second period (unsupported) has the phase ''Flight'' and the third (supported) - the phase ''Regrasp''. Analysis of the composition and functional properties of each phase of the supported period of Tkachev salto allows to build a rational methodology for training this complex exercise.

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