Innovative development of Russia: a retrospective review and current status

The innovation way of development of the economy is now the benchmark for most developed economies in the world. Search for models of innovation development and definition of conditions conducive to innovation have become an important part of the process of creating the theoretical and practical foundations of innovation development. For Russia the problem of search of innovative way of development is particularly relevant, since the level of innovative development of Russia lagged far behind both the developed countries and countries that have recently realized the need for a transition to the economy of an innovation type. An important factor in the low intensity of research and development in the Russian Federation is the low level of funding from the business sector, the share of which in the past 15 years gradually declined and equaled in 2008 to only 29%, which is significantly below the average for OECD 65%. Percentage of organisations engaged in technological innovation in the total number of industrial organisations in the Russian Federation is also very low. Thus, in 2008, this figure amounted to 9.6% in the Russian Federation (in 2009 - 9.4%), the 2004-2006 biennium in Austria was 53%, in Finland - 55.4%, in Belgium - 59.6%, in Germany - 69.7%. Unlike a number of countries (including the BRICS), competitiveness of Russia during the crisis declined. The main problem, the studies show, is the serious imbalances in the financial system caused by the global turmoil. In particular, poorly developed legislative, financial, scientific, technical, human and institutional capacity for innovative growth. Thus, in general, the level of development of a high-tech country went back, according to the most conservative estimates, up to 10-15, in some areas even to 20, years ago. It is necessary to understand and remember, before considering the strategy of innovative development, that the most vulnerable link in the innovation system in Russia is small innovation entrepreneurship. By Rosstat data, innovative enterprises in the industry made up 0.12% of the total number of small scale and micro-enterprises (excluding sole proprietors) in 2011, at the same time in 2005-2011 the economy showed a growing dynamics in developing advanced manufacturing technologies. The results of the study of Russia's modern innovation position in the global economy are specified in the form of a matrix of SWOT-analysis of the Russian NIS as a part of the global innovation space. The background and development restrictions of Russian NIS define its features, which limit the use of the "pure" form of foreign experience in the field of innovation. In particular, it seems insufficient for Russia to apply only one variant: European-American, Japanese, Nordic models, strategy of integration in global innovation chains, creating a cluster of innovative technologies, strategies of technological breakthroughs, etc. According to expert estimates, by 2030 the structure of the Russian economy would continue to reduce the high-tech sphere, that is, it will move away from the development of the knowledge economy, which is spoken of today. According to experts, the scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia's economy with such a structure cannot exist as a high-tech power. Therefore, the only possible basic variant can be innovative development.

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