Bark anatomy of chosenia (Salix arbutifolia, Salicaceae): origin of cuticular cracks and mechanism of cork abscission | Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya - Tomsk State University Journal of Biology. 2025. № 70. DOI: 10.17223/19988591/70/4

Bark anatomy of chosenia (Salix arbutifolia, Salicaceae): origin of cuticular cracks and mechanism of cork abscission

The microscopic structure of the bark of chosenia (Salix arbutifolia) has been examined in detail. Its bark exhibits several anatomical traits characteristic of other Salix species, including the presence of phellem cells with thick lignified walls in the first periderm coupled with exclusively non-sclerified phellem cells in subsequent periderms. Detailed anatomical observations confirmed that these thick-walled cells belong to the periderm rather than to the multiple epidermis, as some authors have suggested. S. arbutifolia is similar to S. cardiophylla, its closest phylogenetic relative, in possessing an exceptionally thick cuticle on the epidermis of young twigs. This cuticle undergoes tangential expansion and thickening during the vertical contraction and horizontal stretching of epidermal cells. The openings observed on the cuticular surface of S. arbutifolia are expansion cracks (i.e., ruptures in the protective tissues subtended by newly formed periderm) rather than lenticels (i.e., transformed parts of the existing periderm). In the subsequent periderms of chosenia, the phellem is subdivided into an outer layer of thin-walled (phelloid) cells and an inner layer of densely packed cells with thicker walls. The outer phellem layers facilitate the separation and shedding of bark flakes, while the inner phellem layers protect the bark surface exposed after their abscission. Thus, the two-layered phellem enables the regular shedding of the outer regions of the rhytidome, contributing to the shaggy appearance of mature bark - a distinctive feature of S. arbutifolia compared to other Salix species. The article contains 7 Figures, 2 Tables, 47 References. The Authors declare no conflict of interest.

Download file

Counter downloads: 40

Keywords

Salix, chosenia, bark, periderm, phellem, phelloid cells

Authors

Name	Organization	E-mail
Kotina Ekaterina L.	Komarov Botanical Institute; Saint Petersburg State Forestry University	elkotina@gmail.ru
Skvortsov Konstantin I.	Komarov Botanical Institute	k.i.skvortsov@yandex.ru
Oskolski Alexei A.	University of Johannesburg; Komarov Botanical Institute	aoskolski@uj.ac.za

Всего: 3

References

Moskalyuk T.A. Chosenia arbutifolia (Salicaceae): life strategies and introduction perspectives. Siberian Journal of Forest Science. 2016(3):34-45. doi: 10.15372/SJFS20160304.

Nakai T. Chosenia, a new genus of Salicaceae. Shokubutsugaku zasshi - Botanical Magazine, Tokyo. 1920;34(401):66-69. doi 10.15281/jplantres1887.34.401_66.

Leskinen E, Alstrom-Rapaport C. Molecular phylogeny of Salicaceae and closely related Flacourtiaceae: evidence from 5.8S, ITS 1 and ITS 2 of the rDNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 1999;215(1):209-227. doi: 10.1007/BF00984656.

Azuma T, Kajita T, Yokoyama J, Ohashi H. Phylogenetic relationships of Salix (Salicaceae) based on rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany. 2000;87(1):67-75. doi: 10.2307/2656686.

Chen J.H., Sun H., Wen J., Yang Y.P. Molecular phylogeny of Salix L. (Salicaceae) inferred from three chloroplast datasets and its systematic implications. Taxon. 2010;59(l):29-37. doi: 10.1002/tax.591004.

He X.D., Wang Y., Lian J.M., Zheng J.W., Zhou J., Li J., Jiao Z.M., Niu Y.C., Wang W.W., Zhang J., Wang B.S., Zhuge Q. The whole-genome assembly of an endangered Salicaceae species: Chosenia arbutifolia (Pall.) A. Skv. GigaScience. 2022;11:1-9. doi: 1093/ gigascience/giac109.

Argus G.W., Eckenwalder J.E., Kiger R.W. Salicaceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 7. Magnoliophyta: Brassi-caceae to Salicaceae. New York: Oxford Univ. Press; 2010. 797 p.

Chang C.S., Kim H., Chang K.S. Salicaceae. In: Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF). Pjao: Desingpost; 2014. pp. 571-577.

Belyaeva I.V. Challenges in identification and naming: Salicaceae sensu stricto. Skvortsovia. 2020;5(3):83-104.

Belyaeva I.V., Govaerts R.H.A. Genera Populus L. and Salix L. In: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP), 2020 [Electronic resource]. Avaliable at: https://wcvp.science.kew.org/(accessed 28 August 2024).

Skvortsov A.K. Ivy SSSR: sistematicheskij i geograficheskij obzor [Willows of the USSR. A taxonomic and geographic revision]. Moscow: Nauka; 1968. 263 p. In Russian.

Fang Z.F., Zhao S.D., Skvortsov A.K. Salicaceae. In: Flora of China. Vol. 4. Beijing: Science Press & St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press; 1999. pp. 139-279.

Eremin V.M., Kopanina A.V. Atlas anatomii kory derev'ev, kustarnikov i lian Sakhalina i Kuril'skikh ostrovov [Atlas of the bark anatomy of trees, shrubs and lianas of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands]. Brest: Poligrafika; 2012. 896 p. In Russian.

Lotova L.I. Mikrostruktura kory osnovnykh lesoobrazuyushchikh derev’ev i kustarnikov Vostochnoy Evropy [Microstructure of the bark of major forest-forming deciduous trees and shrubs of Eastern Europe]. Moscow: KMK; 1998. 107 p. In Russian.

Schweingruber F.H., Steiger P., Burner A. Bark anatomy of trees and shrubs in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Cham: Springer; 2019. 394 p.

Kurczynska E.U. Epiderma wielokrotna lodyg wierzby: szczegolny przypadek powtarzania fenotypu epidermalnego. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slqskiego; 2002. 119 p. In Polish.

SJupianek A., Wojtun B., Myskow E. Origin, activity and environmental acclimation of stem secondary tissues of the polar willow (Salixpolaris) in high-Arctic Spitsbergen. Polar Biology. 2019;42:759-770. doi: 10.1007/s00300-019-02469-5.

Malychenko E.V., Lotova L.I. Bark anatomy of the species of the genus Salix (Salicaceae) from the middle zone of the Europaean part of the USSR. Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 1986;71(8):1060-1066. In Russian.

Holdheide W. Anatomie Mitteleuropaischer Geholzrinden. In: Handbuch der Mikroskopie in der Technik. Freud H, editor. Frankfurt am Main: Umschau Verlag; 1951. pp. 193367. In German.

Eremin V.M., Shkuratova N.V. Sravnitel’naja anatomija kory predstavitelej semejstva Salicaceae [Comparative anatomy of the Salicaceae bark]. Brest: BrGU im. AS Pushkina; 2007. 197 p. In Russian.

Malychenko E.V. Anatomija kory Chosenia nakai i sravnenie ee so strukturoj kory drugih predstavitelej semejstva Salicaceae [The anatomy of Chosenia Nakai bark and its comparison with the bark structure of other species of Salicaceae]. Nauchnye Doklady Vysshey Shkoly. Biologicheskie Nauki. 1988;295(7):71-76. In Russian.

Frankiewicz K.E., Chau J.H., Oskolski A.A. Wood and bark of Buddleja: uniseriate phellem, and systematic and ecological patterns. IAWA Journal. 2021;42(1):3-30. doi: 10. 1163/22941932-bja10020.

Frankiewicz K.E., Chau J.H., Baczynski J., Wdowiak A., Oskolski A. Wood and bark structure in Buddleja. anatomical background of stem morphology. AoB Plants. 2023;15:1-17. doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plad003.

Shtein I., Gricar J., Lev-Yadun S., Oskolski A., Pace M.R., Rosell J.A., Crivellaro A. Priorities for bark anatomical research: study venues and open questions. Plants. 2023;12(10): 1985. doi: 10.3390/plants12101985.

Oskolski A.A., Mthembu A., Shipunov A.B., Kotina E. Bark anatomy of Polylepis (Rosa-ceae): a loose stratified phellem instead of the lenticels? Botanica Pacifica. 2023;12(2): 15-22. doi: 10.17581/bp.2023.12s02.

Novikov A.L. Opredelitel’ derev’ev i kustarnikov v bezlistnom sostoyanii. 2 izdanie [An identification guide to the trees and shrubs during a leafless period. 2nd edition]. Minsk: Vysshaia Shkola; 1965. 408 p. In Russian.

Evert R.F. Esau’s Plant Anatomy: meristems, cells, and tissues of the plant body - their structure, function, and development. 3rd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2006. 601 p.

Angyalossy V., Pace M.R., Evert R.F., Marcati C.R., Oskolski A.A., Terrazas T., Kotina E., Lens F., Mazzoni S.C., Angeles G., Machado S.R., Crivellaro A., Rao K.S., Junikka L., Nikolaeva N., Baas P. lAWA List of microscopic bark features. lAWA Journal. 2016;37(4): 517-615. doi: 10.1163/22941932-20160151.

Rosner S., Morris H. Breathing life into trees: the physiological and biomechanical functions of lenticels. lAWA Journal. 2022;43(3):234-262. doi: 10.1163/22941932-bja10090.

Whitmore T.C. Studies in systematic bark morphology. I. Bark morphology in Diptero-carpaceae. New Phytologist. 1962;61:191-207.

Whitmore T.C. Studies in systematic bark morphology. II. General features of bark construction in Dipterocarpaceae. New Phytologist. 1962;61:208-220.

Whitmore T.C. Studies in systematic bark morphology. III. Bark taxonomy in Diptero-carpaeae. Gardens’ Bulletin. 1962;19:321-372.

Whitmore T.C. Studies in systematic bark morphology. IV. The bark of beech, oak and sweet chestnut. New Phytologist. 1963;62(2):161-169.

Brundrett M.C., Enstone D.E., Peterson C.A. A berberine-aniline blue fluorescent staining procedure for suberin, lignin, and callose in plant tissue. Protoplasma. 1988;146:133-142. doi: 10.1007/BF01405922.

Thomas R., Fang X.X., Ranathunge K., Anderson T.R., Peterson C.A., Bernards M.A. Soybean root suberin: anatomical distribution, chemical composition, and relationship to partial resistance to Phytophthora sojae. Plant Physiology. 2007;144:299-311. doi: 10.1104/ pp.106.091090.

Donaldson L.A., Radotic K. Fluorescence lifetime imaging of lignin autofluorescence in normal and compression wood. Journal of Microscopy. 2013;251(2):178-187. doi 10. 1111/jmi.12059.

Johansen D.A. Plant Microtechnique. New York: McGraw Hill; 1940. 523 p.

Jensen W. Botanical Histochemistry: Principles and Practice. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman; 1962. 408 p.

Zahur M.S.Comparative study of secondary phloem of 423 species of woody dicotyledons belonging to 85 families. Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Memoir. 1959;358:1-160.

Gomes A.V., Marchiori J.N.C. Estudo anatomico da madeira e da casca de Prockia crucis L. (Flacourtiaceae). Ciencia e Natura. 1981;3:45-58. In Portuguese.

Wu J., Nyman T., Wang D.C., Argus G.W., Yang Y.P., Chen J.H. Phylogeny of Salix subgenus Salix s.l. (Salicaceae): delimitation, biogeography, and reticulate evolution. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2015;15(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s12862-015-0311-7.

Rahman T, Shao M, Pahari S, Venglat P, Soolanayakanahally R, Qiu X, Rahman A, Tanino K. Dissecting the roles of cuticular wax in plant resistance to shoot dehydration and low-temperature stress in Arabidopsis.International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(1554):1-21. doi: 10.3390/ijms22041554.

Gorb S.N., Gorb E.V. Anti-icing strategies of plant surfaces: the ice formation on leaves visualized by Cryo-SEM experiments. The Science of Nature. 2022;109(24):1-14. doi: 10.1007/s00114-022-01789-7.

Schneider H. Ontogeny of lemon tree bark. American Journal of Botany. 1955;42(10): 893-905. doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1955.tb10439.x.

Chattaway M.M. The anatomy of bark. V. Eucalyptus species with stringy bark. Australian Journal of Botany. 1955;3:165-169. doi: 10.1071/BT9550165.

Chiang S.T, Wang S.C. The structure and formation of the Melaleuca bark. Wood and Fiber Science. 1984;16(3):357-373.

Crivellaro A., Schweingruber F.H. Atlas of wood, bark and pith anatomy of Eastern Mediterranean trees and shrubs: with a special focus on Cyprus. Heidelberg: Springer; 2013. 583 p.