Developing a network of teachers' seminaries in Western and Eastern Siberia in the second half of XIX century - beginning of XX century

The formation of teacher education institutions for the training of rural teachers begins in Russia since the second half of the 19th century. On the results of activities of two-year teacher training courses, church-teachers' schools, teaching classes in public schools, teachers' seminaries the choice was made in favor of the latter. By the end of 1872 52 schools and teachers' seminaries functioned in Russia, including Siberian schools and seminaries in Omsk and Irkutsk. The third school was opened in Krasnoyarsk in 1873. The activities of teachers' seminaries in the region had some peculiarities. First, because of the inaccessibility of the countryside for transport Siberian teachers' seminaries were opened in major cities. Secondly, these institutions fulfilled the task of preparing teachers for the dissemination of the Russian language among foreigners. The third aspect of the Siberian territories was a general lack of people with special education, so graduates of teachers' seminaries were in demand in other departments. By the beginning of the 20th century there was a crisis with the teaching staff in Siberia. In Eastern Siberia a teachers' seminary was opened in Chita (1900), and for the needs of Western Siberia seminaries were opened in Semipalatinsk (1903) and Pavlovskoye (1906). The only female teachers' seminary was opened in Yalutorovsk (1910). But all the Siberian teachers' seminaries, including the new Minusinskaya (1913), were unable to fully provide the region with rural teachers. A new stage in opening teachers 'seminaries in Russia was associated with the results of the program of the universal primary education and with the initiative of the State Duma to establish 93 teachers' seminaries (by the number of provinces and regions of the Russian Empire) in commemoration of the 300th anniversary of the ascendancy of the House of Romanov. Even the war, which began in 1914, did not stop the process of developing a network of teacher training institutions. 105 teachers' seminaries were opened in Russia from 1913 to 1917. In 1917 the Siberian network of teachers' seminaries consisted of 18 institutions. The final period of the teachers' seminaries activities was the period of the formation of the Soviet state in Russia. In 1918 - 1919 teachers' seminaries in Central Russia were reformed or closed. In Siberia about 50 such institutions functioned in 1921. They prepared the main part of the regional pedagogical intelligentsia. With the final establishment of the Soviet power in Siberia teachers' seminaries that did not match the new ideology were closed. Some of them were transformed into teacher training courses, others became part of the institutions of public education.

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