Ideological preparation of occurrence of Tuva in structure of the USSR: role and participation of mass media

The first Tuvan newspaper «Krasny Pakhar’» was published in 1924, followed by the «Erkh Choloot Tannu-Tuva» newspaper («Free Tuva») in 1925. In 1926 two magazines «Huvisgalt Ard» («Revolutionary arat») and «Zaluuchuudyn zorilgo» («Problems of youth») were published. In this period Tuvinians did not have their own writing, therefore the periodicals were issued in the Mongolian language. The Soviet government was forcing the creation of the press in the Tuvan People Republic to begin promotion and agitation of revolutionary ideology among locals. The distribution of periodicals in the second half of the 1920s was limited. The reasons were irregular issuing, small circulations, difficulties with deliveries. Since most of the population was illiterate, acquaintance with newspapers went with the help of intermediaries. The importance of the first newspapers and magazines was that in a nomadic society another way of the distribution of information became entrenched. The printed word became an effective power tool in hands of its carriers. The introduction of national writing was a powerful incentive to the development of the Tuvan society, culture and the state. The existence of such powerful instrument of influence as the press allowed stimulating a mass public rise connected with its studying. With the growth in literacy there was a need for the word to be printed in the native language. It allowed to increase circulations and the frequency of the existing editions to launch the new ones. In March 1931 the Tuvan newspaper appeared completely in the native language under the modern name «Shyn» («Truth»). The newspaper for youth «Revane Shyny» («The truth of a revsomol») was issued in 1933, in 1936 - the «Hostug Aral» («Free аrat»). There was the first broadcast in local air in 1936. The growth of literacy was a necessary condition for the ideologization of arats’ (shepherds) consciousness. According to the party directives, in the newspapers of 1930-1933 the line on the acceleration of the rates of collectivization, the development of consumer cooperation, and the reconstruction of the industry was pursued. During the short period of the «New Economic Policy» (1934-1936) the newspapers changed their approach: they criticized the leaders who were breaking the principle of good-will involvement of population in agricultural works. It promoted the economical revival of Tuva. However, changes in the structure of editorial offices, the principles of work and selection of the staff at this stage prepared conditions for intensified ideologization of newspapers in the second half of the 1930s. By means of mass media the totalitarian ideology (idea, the purpose, «cult of personality», «enemy image») took root into the consciousness of the mass and the party positions were strengthened. The publication of the number of magazines in the late 1930s - the early 1940s allowed the propaganda to cover the main segments of population. Regular broadcast of information about the advantages of the Soviet way of development, the support by inhabitants of socialist transformations, the public discredit of «national enemies» provided an ideological basis for the integration of the two states.

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