Iron Production of Russian Population of Western Siberia in XVII-XVIII centuries: Traditions and Innovations (by Tobolsk's Materials)

The migration of the Russian population to Siberia, which took place at the end of the XVI century. that resulted in the development of the vast territory, the foundation of cities and settlements, laying of long roads, the introduction and expansion of arable lands, the establishment of the mining and metallurgical industry, the emergence and formation of urban crafts. A significant contribution to the foundation and development of blacksmithing in Tobolsk was made by people that came from the northern cities of Russia, including Ustyug Velikiy and Totma (who had a highly developed iron-production) and continued to use techniques and ferrous metal processing technologies of Eastern European artists in the new environment. That was reflected firstly in the morphology of the product; and secondly, in the use of welded construction schemes and its variations in the manufacture of metal products (front, slanting, V-shaped boiling of steel blade); thirdly - in a similar manifestation of the Eastern European trend towards a decrease in welded structures in favor of all-metal forgings in the XVIII century. Metallographic data of archaeological material demonstrates the technique and technology of Tobolsk in XVII-XVIII centuries. Collection of researched forgings of XVII century consists of three multi-function knives, shoe-knife, a pen knife, scissors and three scythes. The survey revealed that, in forging this group of cutting tools masters used two technological schemes: 1 - boiling of steel blade on a soft foundation (7 copies); 2 - forged-metal products (iron and steel) (2 copies). All forgings with weld design were hardened to tempering soft. Collection of the researched products from iron and iron-carbon alloys of the XVIII century consists of five multi-purpose knives, eight table knives, knife-luchevnik and adzes. Microstructural study of thin sections revealed that blacksmiths used several technological schemes: 1 - boiling of steel blade iron base (3 copies); 2 -welding of steel blades in an iron base (1 copy); 3 - forging products of metal multilayer package (2 copies); 4 - forged-metal products (9 copies). Seven forgings of this group were subjected to various harding regimes.

Keywords

Authors

References