The images of the past in Moscow's diplomatic correspondence with the Nogai horde and the dynasty of Siberian Shibanids in the late 15th and 16th centuries

As the goal of the research in this article, the author formulated the question - how images of the past (real or imaginary) broadcast in diplomatic documents affect the nature of the relationship between the two states. For example, in the reading of Fyodor Ivanovich to the Siberian Tsar Kuchum in 1597, the subordinate position of the latter to Moscow was emphasized. The ideological substantiation of this status to the tsar was seen in an attempt to present the history of the Siberian Turkic-Tatar khanates as a Moscow tributary. The source of the research is the Russian-Nogai diplomatic correspondence of the late 15 th and 16th centuries, as well as the letter of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich to Kuchum in 1597. As an additional argument, historical examples of Russian-Horde and Lithuanian-Horde relations of the 15th-early 16th centuries are given in reading and writing and Russian annals. In the course of the research, the author came to the following conclusions: 1. The elements of appealing to the common historical past were most consistently manifested in the Nogai diplomatic correspondence, which was due to the desire of the Nogai leaders to enlist the support of Moscow and to increase their status among the Turkic-Tatar states of the 15th-16th centuries. The use of similar mechanisms in diplomatic correspondence between Moscow and Shibanid khans was sporadic and depended on specific political conditions. 2. The image of the past is a structural element of historical memory, which in the late Middle Ages, in addition to written sources, includes folklore (legends, legends, etc.), which is partly confirmed by letters from Ibak Khan and Fyodor Ivanovich. The remaining documents contain real facts (although somewhat idealized) of past relations between the two states. In this case, we are talking about the Moscow state and the Nogai Horde. Representatives of the Nogai elite, wishing to obtain a “fraternity” with Moscow, used the biographies of their outstanding predecessors, namely, the all-powerful Temeik Imedei, who allegedly had a peaceful relationship with Prince Vasily Dmitrievich. In the middle of the XVI century, mention was made of information about the Murga Musa, Prince Abbas and others, mentioning the idea of Edgee, known leaders of the late 15 th century. 3. The diploma of Ibak Khan in 1493 contains a more complex historical retrospective. The references to the “Shibal the Tsar” date back to the ancestor of the dynasty, the son of Juchi Shiban, who participated in the Western campaign of 1236-1242. The fact of the supposedly “special” relations between Chingizid and the Muscovite sovereigns definitely hints at the need to build similar relations in modern times. In addition to purely ideological background, the Tyumen Khan advanced and became traditional demands for the release of his ally - the Kazan khan Ali.

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