The problem of "soft power" in the Chinese scientific and social- political discourse: history and modernity
The purpose of the research is to form a holistic image of "soft power" as a phenomenon existing in the political, social, philosophical and scientific discourses of China, from the treatises of the ancient sages of China to the modern doctrines of the Communist party of the People's Republic of China. We are talking here about specific Chinese understanding of the phenomenon called "soft power" in 1990 due to the American political scientist J. Nye Jr. The authors begin the analysis by studying philosophical ideas of harmony and non-violence in the teachings of ancient Chinese sages. Turning to the present, A. Naumov and R. Polozhevich emphasize that for the first time in Chinese history the theme of "soft power" was developed in the early 1990s: the first article about "soft power" was published in 1993 by Wang Huning - the head of Department of international policy at Fudan University and advisor to the President of the PRC Jiang Zemin. Today, we can consider the scientific discourse of "soft power" in China to be settled. The whole cohort of outstanding Chinese authors (many of them are related to the party institutions and state bodies of China) deals with the problems of "soft power". The authors analyze two fundamental approaches to the inclusion of "soft power" into the foreign policy of China: cultural (being the most popular) and political. A. Naumov and R. Polozhevich study the doctrinal basis of "soft power" of China as well. Special attention is paid to the foreign policy doctrine of "peaceful rise", the concepts of "peaceful development", "harmonious society" and "harmonious world" and, finally, "Chinese dream". The article states that for the first time in the modern political discourse of China the term "soft power" was publicly announced by the President of China Hu Jintao in 2006 at the VIII all-Chinese conference of literary representatives. Later, several high-ranking Chinese politicians and party leaders have repeatedly appealed to this issue, which suggests that the concept of "soft power" is quite firmly entrenched in the socio-political discourse of modern China. The methodological basis of the study comprises systematic, structural, functional and comparative approaches, as well as analysis, synthesis, content- and event-analysis. In the Russian historiography, the analysis of China's "soft power" from this point of view is being conducted for the first time. After analyzing the manuscripts of the ancient Chinese sages, relevant works of contemporary Chinese scholars, documents of the Communist Party of China and official statements of the presidents of the PRC, the authors come to the conclusion that the Chinese discourse of “soft power” at the beginning of the XXI century combines the ideas of the outstanding thinkers of antiquity and the doctrines of socialist ideology of China. Such an alloy allows the Chinese "soft power" to foster its potential gradually, thereby increasing the state power of modern China.
Keywords
China,
soft power,
peaceful rise,
peaceful development,
harmonious development,
Chinese dreamAuthors
| Naumov Alexander O. | Lomonosov Moscow State University | naumov@spa.msu.ru |
| Polozhevich Roman S. | Lomonosov Moscow State University | roman.polozhevich@gmail.com |
Всего: 2
References
Щуцкий Ю.К. Китайская классическая «Книга Перемен» / под ред. А.И. Кобзева. 2-е изд. М. : Наука. 1993. URL: http://www.psylib.ukrweb.net/books/shchu01/index.htm (дата обращения: 23.04.2018).
Григорьева Т.П. Махаяна и китайские учения (попытка сопоставления) // Изучение китайской литературы в СССР. М., 1973. С. 106-128.
Ян Хин-шун. Древнекитайский философ Лао-Цзы и его учение. М. 1950. URL: http://lib.ru/POECHIN/lao1.txt (дата обращения: 23.07.2018).
Янгутов Л.Е. Духовные истоки политической стратегии «мягкой силы» Китая // Проблемы Дальнего Востока. 2016. № 4. С. 159-167.
Трактаты о военном искусстве / Сунь-цзы, У-цзы; пер. с кит., предисл. и коммент. Н.И. Конрада. М. : ACT : Астрель ; СПб. : Terra Fantastica, 2011. 606 с.
Мэн-цзы / предисл. Л.Н. Меньшикова; пер. с кит., указ. В.С. Колоколова; под. ред. Л.Н. Меньшикова. СПб. : Петербургское Востоковедение, 1999. 272 с.
Переломов Л.С. Конфуций: «Лунь юй». 2-е изд., стереот. М. : Вост. лит., 2001. 592 с.
Абрамов В.А., Шуфан Янь. Культурные индустрии как механизм реализации ценностного потенциала «мягкой силы» Китая // Вестник Забайкальского государственного университета. 2011. № 7. С. 14-20.
王沪宁 [Huning Wang]. 作为国家实力的文化: 软权力 [Culture as national power: Soft power] // 复旦学报(社会科学版) [Fudan Journal (Social Sciences edition)]. 1993. Is. 3. URL: http://www.aisixiang.com/download%2F%D7%F7%CE%AA%B9%FA%BC%D2%CA%B5%C1%A6% B5%C4%CE%C4%BB%AF_%C8%ED%C8%A8%C1%A6_%CD%F5%BB%A6%C4%FE.pdf (дата обращения: 23.07.2018).
Тимофеев О.А. «Мягкие» методы международного влияния и трансформация внешнеполитической парадигмы в КНР // Вестник Тихоокеанского государственного университета. 2009. № 4. С. 189-198.
Тарабарко К.А. «Мягкая сила» культуры: эволюция концепции в трудах китайских учёных // Исторические, философские, политические и юридические науки, культурология и искусствоведение. Вопросы теории и практики. 2016. № 7-2 (69). С. 181-184.
Бодрова О.И. Культурная дипломатия как инструмент «мягкой силы» КНР // Приволжский научный журнал. 2013. № 4. С. 207-212.
Ломанов А.В. Современная китайская концепция «мягкой силы» // «Мягкая сила» в отношениях Китая с внешним миром. М. : ИДВ РАН, 2015. С. 13-61.
Bijian Zheng. A New Path for China’s Peaceful Rise and the Future of Asia // China’s Peaceful Rise: Speeches of Zheng Bijian 1997-2004. URL: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/20050616bijianlunch.pdf (accessed: 23.07.2018).
中国的发展和亚洲的振兴 [China's Development and Rejuvenation in Asia]. 温家宝总理在东盟商业与投资峰会上的演讲 [Premier Wen Jiabao's Speech at ASEAN Business and Investment Summit] // 中华人民共和国外交部 [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China]. URL: http://www.mfa.gov.cn/chn//pds/gjhdq/gjhdqzz/lhg_14/zyjh/t27173.htm (accessed: 23.07.2018).
Full Text: China's Peaceful Development Road // People’s Daily. URL: http://en.people.cn/200512/22/eng20051222_230059.html (accessed: 23.07.2018).
Hu Jintao. Talk Delivered to Provincial Main Leading Cadres in Seminar about Enhancing Capacity to Build a Socialist Harmonious Society // People’s Daily. URL: http://en.people.cn/200506/27/eng20050627_192495.html (accessed: 23.07.2018).
中共中央關於構建社會主義和諧社會若干重大問題的決定 [Resolution by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Concerning Several important questions for Building a Harmonious Socialist Society]. (2006年10月11日中國共產黨第十六屆中央委員會第六次全體會議通過) [Adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on October 11, 2006] // 中国共产党 [Chinese Communist Party]. URL: http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/64162/64168/64569/72347/6347991.html (accessed: 23.07.2018).
Hu Jintao Delivers an Important Speech at the UN Summit // Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN. URL: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceun/eng/zt/shnh60/t212614.htm (accessed: 23.07.2018).
Background: Connotations of Chinese Dream // Chinadaily. URL: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014npcandcppcc/2014-03/05/content_17324203.htm (accessed: 23.07.2018).
Сергеева А. Китайский язык как инструмент реализации «китайской мечты» // Российский совет по международным делам. URL: http://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/kitayskiy-yazyk-kak-instrument-realizatsii-kitayskoy-mechty/ (дата обращения: 23.07.2018).
Xi pledges "great renewal of Chinese nation" // National Museum of China. URL: http://en.chnmuseum.cn/(X(1)S(y5zh4uvbzvzde555gr3fm2uf))/ Default.aspx?TabId=521&InfoID=86595&frtid=500&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 (accessed: 23.07.2018).
胡锦涛: 在中国文联第八次全国代表大会、中国作协第七次全国代表大会上的讲话 [Hu Jintao: Speech on the Eighth National Congress of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles] // 人民网_网上的人民日报 [People’s Daily]. URL: http://culture.people.com.cn/ GB/22219/5026372.html (accessed: 23.07.2018).
Hu Jintao's Report to the Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China // 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. URL: http://www.china.org.cn/english/congress/229611.htm (accessed: 23.07.2018).
Glaser B.S., Dooley B. China’s 11th Ambassadorial Conference Signals Continuity and Change in Foreign Policy. Publication: China Brief Volume: 9 Issue: 22 // The Jamestown Foundation. URL: https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-11th-ambassadorial-conference-signals-continuity-and-change-in-foreign-policy/ (accessed: 23.07.2018).
Gewirtz J.B. ‘Foreign Trash’ and China’s Soft Power // Huffington Post. URL: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/julian-baird-gewirtz/china-soft-power_b_1546967.html (accessed: 23.04.2018).
胡锦涛 [Hu Jintao]. 坚定不移走中国特色社会主义文化发展道路. 努力建设社会主义文化强国 [Unswervingly take the path of socialist cultural development with Chinese characteristics. Making Great Efforts to Build a Socialist Cultural Power]. （2011年10月18日) [October 18, 2011] // 求是 [Qiushi]. URL: http://www.qstheory.cn/zywz/201201/t20120101_133218.htm (accessed: 23.07.2018).
Full text: Report of Hu Jintao to the 18th CPC National Congress. November 16, 2012 // The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. URL: http://www.china.org.cn/china/18th_cpc_congress/2012-11/16/content_27137540_3.htm (accessed: 23.07.2018).
Xi Jinping: Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. October 18, 2017 // The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. URL: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/download/Xi_Jinping's_report_at_19th_CPC_National_Congress.pdf (accessed: 23.07.2018).
