The unit-idea of «the forced labor of prisoners» in English public thought of XVI-XVIII centuries
The article analyses the content of the idea of hard labor of convicts in the context of English social thought of the 16th-18th century. The methodological basis of analyzing the sources of the XVI-XVIII centuries was the principles of «the history of ideas». It allowed to revise the genesis and evolution of English penitentiary reforms in a specific historical socio-cultural context. The author singles out the unit-idea (according to A. Lovejoy) - the forced labor of prisoners - and considers the construction of a system for organizing of hard labor in conceptions of various intellectual traditions. Modern penology links the emergence of the idea of forced labor with the penitentiary reforms of the second half of the 18th and 19th centuries (such prison reformers as J. Howard, S. Romilly, J. Bentham, W. Eden). The author is convinced that the unit-idea appeared in the doctrines of English humanists, political and religious leaders two centuries earlier. In the modern historiography of the problem there are several theories that consider the formation of a system of forced labor in the mainstream of their ideological concepts. In classical penology, the work of prisoners is one of the basic foundations of a rational penitentiary system. In Marxist sociological theory, the system of forced labor is regarded as one of the sources of labor resources. In the conception of social control, compulsion to work is part of a complex mechanism of public control over the working class. The methodological toolkit of intellectual history makes it possible to trace the genesis of the idea-unit in a variable historical context. The article analyses the works of the humanists of the 16th century: Sir Thomas More, T. Starkey; XVII century: G. Fox, J. Bellers, S. Chidley, etc., the first half of the XVIII century: G. Berkley, J. Fitzsimmonds, H. Fielding, etc. Analyzing the unit-idea of «the forced labor of prisoners» in various intellectual traditions, the author comes to the conclusion, that depending on their social, political and religious views and goals, these intellectuals focused the idea of forced labor as a measure of criminal punishment, or as a means of moral correction and reforming of criminal behavior. The English publicists of the 16th-18th centuries, for the most part, called for a fundamental reform of the criminal justice system, and the leading role in the future penitentiary system was assigned to the forced labor. In their essays they stood on the progressive idea to revise the purpose and goals of the prisoners ' work: from punitive and convict labor to correctional labor leading to honest life. The author's conclusions allow us to consider the content of the English penitentiary reform in XVIII century as a result of more than two hundred years of evolution of the unit-idea of «the forced labor of prisoners» in English public thought.
Keywords
forced labor,
penitentiary reforms,
doctrines of English humanistsAuthors
| Vasileva Svetlana A. | Academy of Law and Administration of the Federal Penitentiary Service | vasi-svetlana@yandex.ru |
Всего: 1
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