Nomadic cattle breeding and settled way of life of Tuvinians during the Soviet period

In Tuva there was historically a nomadic cattle breeding with accordingly adapted way of life of the population. It was promotedby region environmental conditions: the most part of Tuva is a steppe zone with small vegetation. There were historically three economicculturaltypes: nomadic cattlemen горностепной zones (95 %), nomadic and seminomadic cattlemen of a mountain-taiga zone (2 %), hunters-reindeer breeders of a taiga zone (3 %). The nomadic cattle breeding has started to undergo changes after formation of the Tuva NationalRepublic (1921-1944) when there have been begun attempts to spend collectivization in agriculture on purpose to translate nomads on settledway of life. Despite taken measures, at the moment of occurrence of Tuva in structure of the USSR (1944) Collective associations had beencaptured only 19 % of Tuvinians-nomads. Activization of process of modernization of agriculture has had for 1949-1953 It is considered thatby 1953 process transition to settled way of life has been finished - the former nomads became members of collective farms and state farms,the most part settled population, having recruited of ranks of working collective farms and state farms. However, contrary to this opinion, apart of Tuvinians haven't ceased to conduct a nomadic way of life, departures of separate economy on summers have remained, and even inrepublic state farms shepherds worked. Polytypic elements of culture of nomadic and settled settlements simultaneously continued to exist.The indigenous population most part has been occupied by agriculture, and, besides work in state farms, conducted a personal part-timefarm, at Tuvinians it was cattle breeding. Communication settled way of life and agriculture modernization is traced. Including influence ofRussian settlements on settled way of life of Tuvinians. Unlike the next national regions (Buryatiya, Khakassia) Tuva to a lesser degree wasexposed to migratory process of the population of village in a city, and by the end of 1980th the population most part (54 %) were countrymen.Tuvinians as any other people find out exclusive adherence to space, according to census of 1979 97,7 % of Tuvinians lived in Tuva,and during the modern period to 90 % of indigenous population remain to live in republic. The indigenous population of Tuva possesses lowmigratory mobility for region limits. In 1979 - 1987 the gain of agricultural population from all Siberian national regions was observed onlyin Tuva. With the beginning of modernization nomads have appeared incapable to compete to industrial economy. Nomads began to be involvedin modernization. Singular modernization. Plural modernizations processes as the subordinated party. The nomadic economy as aresult began to change, the public organization was deformed. For collectivization and Transition to settled way of life are available a negativeconsequence - partial loss of cultural values. After disintegration of socialist system in many regions of the former USSR has occurrednomadic cattle a way of life of cattlemen, return to seminatural methods of housekeeping.

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