Mandative System in Russia in the XVII century

By the moment of coming to power of Peter I and in the first years of his reign in Russia functions mandative system. Orders emerged in the XVI century. In orders has developed a special control system: the majority of the cases considered by judges of orders or заменявшими their clerks alone, and the contentious cases were subject to peer discussion. The functioning of the orders received legislative confirmation in The congregation this code of 1649 Alexei Mik-hailovich. General principles mandative activities that were still in the rules of the code of laws of Ivan IV 1497 str., included in the Council code in the form of a separate Chapter X "On court", the characteristic of which is presented in the article. The Council code contains a large number of norms, regulating device, the time of work, the internal organization of the functioning of the orders. With the passage of time the norms of the Conciliar code began to complicate and detail the device, the procedure of work and terms of competences orders. Office-work orders in the XVII century was a difficult one. The traditional form of records in the orders were "pillars" or "columns", when the text of the document was written in a narrow paper tape on one side (the downside served for the litter and resolutions), several of these documents - "columns" - by bonding with each other are processed in the case, in the result of the long "pillar", which could reach several tens, and sometimes hundreds of meters. To complicate the withdrawal of certain documents from the case or their falsification, at its turnover in the places of gluing дьяки wrote his position and name. After the completion of the case it rolled written inside and kept in the form of a book or a roll. Also practised and a storage option documentation. A characteristic feature of the mandative management system was the colour and the uncertainty of the functions of the orders, the absence of a clear delimitation of competences between orders. All orders have legal, financial, administrative functions. In the first quarter of the XVIII century was carried out the whole complex of reforms related to the restructuring of the higher and Central bodies of power. Their essence was the formation of the дворянско-bureaucratic apparatus of the centralized absolutism. Since 1708. Peter the great started to rebuild the old institutions and replace them with new, as a result of which a new system of power. Summing up, we should note that mandative system, which existed in Russia since XVI century up to the beginning of the XVIII century., had a well-coordinated mechanism of functioning. The need to reform it was connected not with errors in the work of the orders, and the need to carry out reforms in Russia in the epoch of New time of Peter I.

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