Parliament in Russia impair: projects XIX - beginning ХХ century

In the report it is told about projects of creation of a representative body of the power in the Russian Empire in XIX - the beginning of the XX centuries. It is especially possible to mark M.M. Speransky's role, the prominent statesman and the thinker of the first quarter of the XIX century. In the political views M. M. Speransky was the convinced supporter of reforming of the Russian state taking into account experience of the European parliamentarism. A mandatory member of the state upgrade he read constitution introduction. His project was urged to upgrade a political system of the Russian Empire to turn her in constitutional monarchy, because of counteraction of conservative circles it did not manage to be made. In the second half of the XIX century it is possible to mark B.P. Chicherin's works, in his judgement in the country the two-chamber parliament which restricts powers of other imperious organs of the state shall be created. At the beginning of the XX century the Russian researchers developed some projects of a reorganization of Russia. Group of scientists (V.V. Vodovozov, N.F. Annensky, V.M. Gessen, And. Century Hesse, Kokoshkin, P.I.Novgorodtsev, S.A.Kotlyarevsky, etc.) developed the draft of the constitution, allowing to upgrade the autocratic Russian Empire in constitutional monarchy. It is marked that to projects of reforming of a political system returned only during revolution of 1905-1907. In January - February, 1905 in the country strikes and protest actions of workers began. The complaint of society with failures in war with Japan spread. All this forced the government to hasten with reforms. Under the chairmanship of Minister of Internal Affairs Bulygin the Special Meeting for project development of meeting of national representatives was founded. The meeting developed the project of establishment of the State Duma the idea of the irregular convocation of representative assemblies for the solution of the major questions defined by the government deviated. Slavophiles bore long ago idea of restoration of the Zemstvo cathedrals operating on a similar basis. Projects of convocation of the Zemstvo cathedral were entered in Council of ministers. In particular, it was offered to call such cathedral for the solution of a question on the termination or continuation of Russian-Japanese war and some other urgent questions. The provision on the lower house was made by the assistant to the chief of head department for a local economy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Sergey Kryzhanovsky. He did not decide to make use of experience of the European parliaments, being afraid of charges of loan of the western samples unsuitable for Russia. According to his later statement, he took as a basis the project of establishment of the State Duma, made by the companion of the Minister of Justice Mikhail Speransky in 1809. However when comparing the published projects of Speransky with Kryzhanovsky's operation of likeness in between it is not viewed except for the name of chamber which was quite popular in the beginning of the XX century. But revolution developed and such concession any more did not satisfy the population and as a result the emperor was stimulated to grant on October 17, 1905 to the population not law-meeting , and quite really operating parliament.

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