Scientific expertise as form of cognitive management

The subject of scientific expertise as form of cognitive management is multilevel. As an expert science acts on three levels - personality of the scientist; scientific society, research groups, scientific and expertise organizations (state and non-state); non-commercial non-state public organizations of scientists. Scientific expertise has a number of functions in the mechanism of political decision making, with legitimization, consulting, advisory, analytical, informative, communicative, intermediary and lobbying functions among them. For this purpose special expertise bodies are established, with scientists as obligatory members. These bodies can be of four types: state, non-state commercial, public non-commercial, i.e. elements of civic society, and mixed type. Scientific expertise organizations special created in the sphere of scientific expertise government are called "think tanks". Moreover, classical academic, scientific and educational (institutes and universities) institutions can also function as such centers. There are three models of organization of expert scientific support of the authorities: North American, European and Asian. The three models can be considered as historic socio-cultural and socio-political types. The Asian model specifics are characterized strong centralized state, party and ideological monopoly, which predetermines the existence of one client ordering expertise. In general, it is worth differentiating two main models - western and non-western, with each having its own subtypes. Thus, European and North American models are subtypes of the western model. Then it will be logical to single out transitive and hybrid variants. Modern Russia, for instance, demonstrates a transition from the non-western model to the western one. There can be singled out different types of scientific expertise based on different classification criteria. Scientific expertise can be conducted, first, on different levels of authoritative power (federal, regional, local); in different governmental branches (legislative and executive); second, in different spheres (education, health care, economy, atomic energy, foreign policy, environment, etc.); third, permanently or now and then; fourth, in a complex or one-sided way, systematically or structurally; fifth, independently or by order; sixth, secretly or openly, seventh, officially or unofficially.

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