Transformation of social inequality in the "Age of Access"
The article aims to analyse the conception of social inequality in Jeremy Rifkin's theory of the "Age of Access". Rifkin is an American sociologist and economist widely known as a scientist dealing with the problems of ecology, energy, end-of-labour research. In the 1980s, researchers began to use the concept "access". At the turn of the century, this notion was spreading and symbolised, firstly, the expansion of types of social inequality under the influence of the development of information and communication technologies; secondly, the refusal to predominantly study the social structure as opposed to a complex system of inequality; thirdly, the rejection of the notion "society" in the classical sociological interpretation ("container" theory of society) and the transition to the study of society as a set of social connections, nodes, channels and flows (network methodology). Based on the notion "access", Rifkin developed the theory of the Age of Access. The Age of Access is a new way of conceptualising the concept "society". The key elements of the Age of Access are a shift from market to network relations; a shift from ownership of property as the main criterion of social inequality to access; marginalisation of tangible property and its replacement by the dominance of intellectual property. Social inequality in the Age of Access is a difference in access to the newest information and communication technologies, cultural experience and mobility. Rifkin defines the economic system of the Age of Access as "cultural capitalism". The commercialisation of culture leads to the transformation of everything into a commodity, and life is a paid-for experience. The heuristic of Rifkin's concept of social inequality consists in pointing out new forms of social inequality, as well as in fixing a complex system of relations between those "included" and "not included" in the Age of Access. The limitation of the concept is connected with the reduction of social inequality to its contemporary forms, although it should rather be about the intersection of traditional and new types of inequality. Concepts of social inequality based on the notion "access" (for example, Jan van Dijk's conception) can become the basis for studying social inequality in contemporary Russia, since they can explain the main trajectories of the development of social inequality relations.
Keywords
современная социология,
социальное неравенство,
доступ,
Дж. Рифкин,
contemporary sociology,
social inequality,
access,
Age of Access,
RifkinAuthors
| Martynenko Tatiana S. | Lomonosov Moscow State University | ts.martynenko@gmail.com |
Всего: 1
References
Lewin K. Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers. New York : Harper & Brothers, 1951. 346 p.
Miller H.J. Societies and Cities in the Age of Instant Access. Dordrecht : Springer, 2007. 370 p.
Kallinikos J. The Consequences of Information: Institutional Implications of Technological Change. London : Edward Elgar Pub, 2006. 205 p.
Hearn G., Rooney D. Knowledge Policy: Challenges for the 21st Century. Sydney : Edward Elgar Pub, 2008. 277 p.
Hassan R. The Information Society: Cyber Dreams and Digital Nightmares. London : Polity Press, 2008. 248 p.
Hand M. Making Digital Cultures: Access, Interactivity, and Authenticity. London : Routledge, 2008. 198 p.
Полякова Н.Л. Социальное неравенство в социологических теориях второй половины XX в. : Оформление конструктивистской перспективы // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 18 : Социология и политология. 2015. № 1. С. 5-28.
Rifkin J. The Age of Access : the New Culture of Hypercapitalism, Where All of Life is a Paid-for Experience. New York : J.P. Tarcher/Putnam, 2000. 312 p.
Иноземцев В.Л. Современное постиндустриальное общество: природа, противоречия, перспективы : учеб. пособие. М. : Логос, 2000. 304 с.
Бек У. Общество риска : На пути к другому модерну. М. : Прогресс-Традиция, 2000. 384 с.
Полякова Н.Л. От трудового общества к информационному: западная социология об изменении социальной роли труда. М. : Наука, 1990. 132 с.
Белл Д. Грядущее постиндустриальное общество. М. : Академия, 2004. 790 с.
Offe C. Disorganized capitalism: contemporary transformation of work a politics. Cambridge, London : The MIT Press, 1985. 366 p.
Touraine A. The Post-Industrial Society. Tomorrow's Social History: Classes, Conflicts and Culture in the Programmed Society. New York : Random House, 1971. 244 p.
Dahrendorf R. Fragmente eines neuen Liberalismus. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1987. 271 p.
Маркузе Г. Одномерный человек : Исследование идеологии развитого индустриального общества. М. : REFL-book, 1994. 368 с.
Rifkin J. The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1995. 350 p.
Rifkin J., Barber R. The North Will Rise Again: Pensions, Politics and Power in the 1980s. Boston : Beacon Press, 1978. 279 p.
Рифкин Дж. Третья промышленная революция: Как горизонтальные взаимодействия меняют энергетику, экономику и мир в целом. М. : Альпина нон-фикшн, 2017. 510 с.
Рифкин Дж. Если нефти больше нет.. Кто возглавит мировую энергетическую революцию? М. : Секрет фирмы, 2006. 416 c.
Foundation on Economic Trends [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.foet.org (accessed: 10.03.2017).
Артемова Т.С. Понятие «доступ» в социологической теории Джереми Рифкина // Социология. 2012. № 3. C. 84-96.
Добринская Д.Е. Социологическое осмысление Интернета: теоретические подходы к исследованию сети (окончание) // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 18. Социология и политология. 2016. № 4. C. 43-64.
Мартыненко Т.С. Теория глобального социального неравенства в социологии мобиль-ностей Джона Урри // Социология. 2015. № 1. C. 85-91.
Мартыненко Т. С. Понятие «доступ» как основа теорий социального неравенства в современной социологии: подход К. Черри // Гуманитарные, социально-экономические и общественные науки. 2014. № 5. C. 104-106.
