The Western European Model of National Citizenship in Russian Conditions

The article analyzes the problem of determining the real content of the institution of citizenship in Russia, reveals its quality and the degree of implementation of the concept and model of the Western European citizen and citizenship of the Modern Age. The article reveals the main provisions of the modern concept of citizenship, which is based on the ideas of Thomas Marshall. The core of this concept is two aspects of a citizen's existence that have institutional forms: (1) as an object of the state: a citizen, a passive member of the political community and (2) as a political actor with constitutional rights to participate in the governance of the nation-state. The transformation of the classical model of citizenship under the influence of globalization and migration is studied. The main positions of the Western and Russian participants of the discussion developed around these changes are presented. Anti-liberal sentiments and criticism of liberal democratic values and institutions, including national citizenship, are spreading in Central and Eastern European states, as well as in Russia. The hypothesis of the author of the article is as follows. There are political and legal forms fixed in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993) and in the law "On Citizenship" (2002) by the terms "citizen" and "citizenship", mainly corresponding to the Western European model of these phenomena. However, the content of these forms-various aspects of the ontology of Russian citizens and their relations with the state-does not correspond to the European model. The author shows that the origin of this discrepancy lies in the Soviet model of relations between the state and the population, which can be characterized as nominal citizenship and, in fact, allegiance. The article reveals the nature of Soviet citizenship as a heritage largely preserved in today's Russia. The author solves the problem of identifying the nature of citizenship in modern Russia using the methodology of a sociocultural approach and the theoretical model of the citizen. The use of this model allows testing the set of institutional, mental and personal conditions of the ontology of Russian individuals and drawing conclusions that the constitutional status of a citizen as a person with political rights to participate in the governance of the state is not realized in modern Russia. The author defines the current status of Russians as nominal, imitative, passive citizenship.

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