Gilberto De Mello Freyre (1900-1987): At the Origins of Brazilian Sociology

The article discusses the life and work of Gilberto De Mello Freyre, one of the well-known thinkers at the origins of the national sociological school of Brazil. His scientific heritage is so diverse that even today it raises interest among researchers. A descendant of Portuguese colonialists, Freyre was able to understand the originality and uniqueness of Brazil, its history and culture, and showed this to the world in his many works. The most famous one is his earliest work Casa-Grande е Senzala ("Manors and Barracks"), first published in 1933. It is an original case study that focuses on the details of the life of the Brazilian population of the 17th- 18th centuries. The author describes it relying on various methods of data acquisition. The work can be considered the first sociological study presenting a detailed analysis of the social life of Brazil. Considering the features of the life of the local population, the author describes them, demonstrates their interconnectedness and dependence on the environment and cultural traditions. The subordination of all elements gives an understanding of the systemic nature of this world, which Freyre knew well and analyzed brilliantly. Considering the peculiarities of the relationship between different cultures, he notes the need to establish the equality of their bearers through the preservation of traditions and lifestyles, the change of which should occur gradually, but not by force, taking into account all factors: natural, social, cultural ones. Despite the almost century-long period after the first edition, this book is still relevant for understanding modern Brazil. Another famous book by Freyre that is interesting when considering his contribution to the development of sociology in Brazil is called Sociology: An Introduction to Its Principles. Freyre defines sociology as a science about socialization, which he understands as the formation of a social person as a result of the mutual conditioning of biological, psychological, geographical, historical, and cultural factors. Despite the fact that Freyre's methods and works are subject to criticism, many issues he discussed are still relevant. Therefore, studies of his works can help to get a fresh look at the "eternal" social problems that are familiar to all societies: inequality, poverty, exclusion, etc.

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